Five pillars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Five pillars - Essay Example By pillars of Islam it is meant that these five parts are the basic foundation of Islam and they should be followed by a Muslim in order to show his allegiance to Islam. These five pillars have been mentioned in the Holy book of Quran and were practiced in the time of Muhammad. The five pillars are prayer (Salat), profession of faith (Shahada), fasting (Sawm), almsgiving (Zakat) and pilgrimage (Hajj) (Ibrahim, 1997). Some of these obligations are also found in other religions such as Christianity but in Islam they are made obligatory in such a way that they draw a clear boundary in between the principles followed in Islam (Tabatabae 45). In other words the five pillars are to be followed by every Muslim living in any society. (Islamic Encyclopedia). Islam is based on the principles of Oneness of Allah Almighty and the devotion of a Muslim to Him (Tripod). The literal meaning of the word Allah is God and this God in accordance to the teachings of Islam is the One who brought life to every race on this planet. (Islamic Encyclopedia). A Muslim by following Allah’s commandments is showing his devotion and recognition of his power. Profession faith there is a requirement in the religion of Islam. In other words it is farz (obligatory) on every Muslim. Muslim in their usual routine recite the profession of faith in the following words "I bear witness that there is no other god but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet." For an individual to be a Muslim he has to have belief on this phrase.(Islamic Encyclopedia). A true Muslim would not only recite this profession but would also believe in it and know its meaning (Tripod). In the world today activities done by an individual can be criticized by his fellow members but if the individual recites the profession of faith no one can argue or challenge him for his faith (Tripod). The second pillar of Islam is the daily Salat that the Muslims should offer. All grown up Muslims have been

Contemporary management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contemporary management - Essay Example So, the level of preference for social media enhanced to a significant extent thereby amplifying its prospects, in the entire world. The similar technique is used by a reputed organization of United States of America named Starbucks so as to increase the level of awareness of its customers and shareholders regarding its strategies and policies (Beall, 2010, pp. 131-133). Starbucks is one of the popular and leading coffee retailers, operating its functions significantly from Seattle of United States of America. After its introduction, very easily it expanded in almost 55 countries that enhanced its brand value and market share to a certain extent. Along with this, it owned almost 17,000 stores in the entire world so as to present world best coffee to its customers at a competitive cost. The prime desire behind such a strategy is to enhance its range of customers thereby amplifying its profitability and sustainability in future era (Hansen, 2012). Apart from this, Starbucks also desired to enhance its reputation and identity by offering high attention over the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR). This proved extremely effective for the organization in both current and future aspects. In order to enhance the competitive advantage of the organization of Starbucks, its management decided to present the best coffee to its customers. However, to do so, it presented varying types of flavours that enhanced the level of preference of the customers. This became possible only due to the promotion of the flavours of Starbucks through the online sites and social media partners such as face-book, Twitter, linkedIn and many others. As a result of which, the level of awareness of the customers enhanced that improved the profitability of the organization by a significant extent. Thus, this strategy acted positively over

United Holidays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

United Holidays - Essay Example It is considerably easy to carry out. Disadvantages It is time consuming Written sources 3 b. Discuss the purpose and features of a CASE tool, which could support the development of the required system for United Holidays Purpose: They enhance software development. They generate codes automatically and also used in normalization.Diagramming tools are used to draw the system models required or recommended in most methodologies. Description tools are used to record, delete, edit, and output non-graphical documentation and specifications. Prototyping tools are used construct system components including inputs, outputs, and programs. Inquiry and reporting tools are used to extract models, descriptions, and specifications from the repository. Quality management tools analyze models, descriptions, and prototypes for consistency, completeness, or conformance to accepted 'rules' of the methodologies that the CASE tools support. 4 a. What are the typical job roles that exist within the software development lifecycle, and at which stage(s) of the lifecycle will they each be active Systems Analyst Programmers: these are the people who develop the codes Users. They give information. Project Manager b. Who are the stakeholders in an information system, and what are their individual priorities System owners. These can be individuals or organizations. System Users. These are the staff or employees who interact with the system on a daily basis System Designers. System builders. Are the programmers Vendors. Are the ones who are in the business of selling and distributing these systems 5 a. What are the relevant advantages and disadvantages of Software Prototyping and the Waterfall with Iteration approach to software development Advantages of... United Holidays In object programming the practice to combine simple objects is referred to as composition for example the classes in the airline can not exist if the class airline is removed This allows the investigator to develop empathy for the study population through listening and participating. Additionally, observation allows the observer to become an "insider. The method is also very useful where no records of previous studies exist Data can be collected quickly on specific items; these data can be easily transferred into forms allowing quantified and computerized analyses; and data collection tasks can be delegated to less expensive field staff. Questionnaires also compel the adoption of some "organized structure" upon data collection (Fowler, M. 2003) Transition: in this phase the goal is to system and user test the system to ensure that it is ready to be deployed into production, to make needed corrections, and to actually deploy the system (Fowler, M. 2003). This leads to the fact that data programmers and other professionals need to be prepared to change and grow their models, including their database schema over time. Furthermore, iterations lead to the discovery of the need to re-factor their schema to reflect the needs of new requirements (Fowler, M. 2003). If your system needs to interface with existing legacy systems, and it often does, data professionals will likely be needed to be involved with legacy integration efforts. Data models are very likely needed, but they're not needed up front.

Substance abuse in teenager Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Substance abuse in teenager - Scholarship Essay Example It has been seen that there are 2.5 million deaths each year due to alcohol consumption. There are a lot of people between the age group of 15 and 29 who are dying from ‘alcohol- related causes† and disorders due to intake of drugs is found in 15.3 million people (Substance Abuse, 2011). When the use of drugs goes beyond the realm of experiment into a â€Å"problematic involvement† then it is specified under different classification system. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM- IV), fourth edition is a one such primary system which has mentioned the major indicators of substance abuse. It includes â€Å"role impairment, physically hazardous use, recurrent substance related legal problems and drug related social and interpersonal difficulties (Mash & Barkley, 2009, pp.185). Substance abuse has now become very common in case of teenagers in United States and this necessitates proper treatment programs and preventive measures. Substance abuse is a phenomenon which has become very common among different sections of the population especially the teenagers or adolescence. Adolescence period is a very crucial time in a child’s life because it a time when changes are observed on â€Å"biological, cognitive and social levels.† They come across new scenarios in their lives and often many are involved in substance abuse. Teenagers often resort to drugs and alcohol as they think them to be the mediums to become stress free. At times in their quest to â€Å"fit in with peers† or in trying to model the behavior of some family member they take the help of drugs and alcohol (Berman, 1995). The use of alcohol and drugs among the teenagers has increased over the years across the world. In United States, the studies have shown that more than half of the students in 12th grade had consumed illicit drug. Almost 76.8% students had consumed alcohol. A number of students in the 8th grade were also found to have taken drugs and alcohol. Drug use does not

Discuss Some of the Challenges Facing International Students in Higher Education Essay Example for Free

Discuss Some of the Challenges Facing International Students in Higher Education Essay As a growing number of international students who attempt to obtain a further education diploma or expand their horizons, has been increasing, it is often the case that they would face various challenges while studying abroad. The main barrier that they have to overcome is â€Å"academic learning that consists of strangeness, difference and integration (Teekens, 2006:17, cited in Hyland, 2008). According to Hyland et al (2008:29), to improve the quality of higher education not only the individual needs to endeavor, but also the departmental and institutional effort would be indispensable. This essay will illustrate that the main factors of overseas students who study for least one year result in academic learning challenges, are adapting to a new educational system’s assessments and English speaking only environments, then will provide possible solutions, for example, giving sufficient guidance from enrolled universities, revolutionising language certified test in reducing these difficulties. The first main factor that directly causes learning challenges is that overseas students would probably face different methods of assessment. Most postgraduate students wish their overseas journeys were the same as ‘back home’ (Pointon, 2009, cited in The Higher Education Academy, 2012). However,for those students who graduated in other educational systems, team projects, presentations would become the barriers they have to confront. Firstly team-based learning appears to be more strange and complicated to these students because it not only depends upon academic competence,but also has to be relevant to their abilities of communication and coordination. Group work can be even more stressful because a silent student is effectively excluded, whether voluntarily or not. It is also something that many international students have not really encountered before (Sovic,2008). Subsequently, quite a number of overseas students seem to be unfamiliar with presentations as well. According to (Sovic,2008:153), except for necessity of group work sometimes, to express their opinions via presentations international students who may be new have to be confidently confronted with classmates who would hold other cultural perspectives. These unacquainted assessment criterions would widely and considerably affect international students, especially at the beginning of their academic journey. For example, presentations would be often assigned in the first term, if the results seem to be quite low, they not only directly impact those students’ overall score, but also affect their emotions to some degree even might reduce their confidence and motivation with regards to continuing their studies abroad. The second major factor which would be around all overseas students,is the atmosphere of foreign language only. Sovic(2008:150)has demonstrated that for those students who are non-native speakers, even if they have obtained fairly high IELTS(The International English Language Test System)test grades, language is still singled out as the biggest obstacle for them to study abroad. The main reason, which causes that they passed the tests but could not adapt to the new language environment quickly, is that IELTS seems to be irrelevant to the demands within the universities. To begin with, when overseas students arriving the destinations, the first difficulty they have to face is local accent. Research (Sovic, 2008:151) reported that international students who are even native-speakers can still have significant problems with fast and heavy accents in lectures and tutorials. Another point which bothers almost overseas students especially at the beginning of study abroad is acquiring academic language, including discipline-specific vocabulary and academic expression. It is often overlooked, since students who obtained the required language scores always mistakenly believe that it is sufficient to complete their studies (Arkoudis, 2008). These unexpected barriers would be troubled for all overseas students to varying degree. It is notable that international students must spend quite a large amount of time and energy on solving language issues. In other word, they have to cut down the time from learning main curriculums, which would considerably affect them to absorb curriculum knowledge and make them feeling more stress. One feasible solution to help overseas students to face academic challenges is that enrolled universities need to make more efforts before international students’ academic journeys. Despite universities always remind students who have been confirmed acceptance to prepare relevant knowledge about their courses, there are few students who could prepare adequately. Zhai(2004:101)discovered that academic issue tend to be the most difficulty for international students, and there are around 60% students whom recommended that their college should provide more academic guidance. It is suggested that academic support should be provided to international students as soon as possible, since Pedersen (1991) had demonstrated that sufficient guidance should be initiated before they arrive. According to the factors mentioned above, enrolled universities may send an amount of materials to international students via email or even material object, including introduction of new educational system, samples of presentation and team project, videos of lecture and tutorial. Moreover, for students of different disciplines, universities may provide more specific background knowledge or required reading list. Although these will increase universities’ operating costs, it would be effective to help international students overcome academic challenges. Another solution which seems to be quite challenging is revolutionising language certification test. Lee (2009:23) claims that compared to other language certified tests, IELTS is most effective and reliable examination to assess students’ not only language skill but also academic ability. However, although international students obtain the qualified language scores, it does not mean that they can successfully finish academic learning (Schmitt, 2005; Murray and O’Loughlin, 2007; Arkoudis, 2008; Sovie, 2008), even the type of writing in IELTS seems to be â€Å"public non-academic genres† (Moore and Morton, 2005, cited in Hyland et al, 2008). Feast (2002:83) reported that between language proficiency and academic performance at university there is a positive and significant, but weak relationship. Thus, in order to better serve high education, IELTS may be adjusted. Firstly, academic IELTS test could be divided into three categories that consist of Arts aspect, Science and Engineering, Social Science. Secondly, increasing more academic topics in section1 and section2 of listening test could replace a considerable number of life topics. Thirdly, the type of task2 in writing could change to mini-academic essay. These adjustments could not only make the scores more valuable to be referred by universities, but also help and guide international students to accumulate more discipline-specific and academic knowledge which lead to reduce those academic difficulties after they arrive. In conclusion, as this essay has demonstrated, the main factors which lead to academic learning challenges are atmosphere of English speaking only and different educational assessment system. Feasible solution to these challenges including revolutionising language certified test and providing adequate support from enrolled universities. It seems that revolutionizing language certified test is most significant solution to help and guide students at the source. In the future, increased awareness of academic challenges via researching and reporting as a whole could arouse relevant departments’ attention to take action on resolving these problems.

Ethical Responsibility Of The Airline Industry Management Essay

Ethical Responsibility Of The Airline Industry Management Essay The internal and external environment of an organization is related to managerial ethics and also corporate social responsibility in the process of management. This report focuses on the airport industry. In my report, there is the meaning of all factors and also an analysis of the airport industry. I expect that this report will help us know more about some key areas that need to be improved and understand key management. Ethical Responsibility of the Airline Industry Introduction The business of international airline has developed as businesses progressively are rotating worldwide in periods of their investments, provide and output chains and their consumers. The fast development of world business in items and services and worldwide direct buying have furthermore supplemented in the development of enterprise travel? One thing that actually influenced people about the industry of airline was their proficiency to sustain high earnings and sustain high clientele groundwork even after the September 11 attacks and the 2002 recession (John, 2005). The worldwide charges have expanded due to advanced security methods while localized or nationwide charges are very inexpensive to consumers. Discussion Airlines achievement is mainly due to their pointed aim. This is apparent through their no-frills, low-cost model; their aim is to supply the safest and cheapest pattern of air travel between two destinations. Driven through the concept that consumers can be persuaded without having costly choices accessible for them, International Air Transport Association, IATA, outlooks a boost in worldwide air travel through an mean 6.6% a year to the end of the ten years and over 5% a year from 2000 to 2010 (John, 2005). These rates are alike to those of the past 10 years. According to the last four years, outcomes of airlines economic advancement have sustained stable snare sales. In 1999, they had a mean snare sale of $6,739 million, which is an increase to $7,565 million. Their minor fall in 2002 to $7,225 million was due to the September 11th occurrence (Graham, 2010). However, this is not anything contrasted to other foremost commerce that had lost so much more. Since then, numerous airline s and airports have filed for insolvency and have been compelled to close down. In detail, airlines are the only foremost US carrier to stay money-making since then; airlines were influenced through the poor financial situation (John, 2005). A number of components are compelling airlines to become more proficient. In Europe, the European Union (EU) has directed that authorities must not be permitted to sponsor their loss-making airlines. In several other countries, governments anxieties over their own investments and acknowledgement of the advantages of privatization have directed to a stepwise move of possession of airlines from the state to the personal area. In alignment to apply to potential shareholders, the airlines have become more effective and aggressive. There are other causes as to why there has been a boost in air travel. Firstly there has been a decline in employed time since 1971 producing and boost in free time. Emerging trends Fast rising volumes of traffic and estimations of continued expansion into the next decades has damage on the airport capability. Industries of Airbus, for instance, expects a standard yearly traveler traffic development rate of 5.0 percent throughout the next 20 years, which means that throughout this time traffic will raise by 168 percent. At the same time, tolerance of the public environmental effects of air traffic around airports like noise, air contamination and third party danger would emerge and have to be reduced. These contradictory styles of direct airlines, airports , organizations of air traffic control and the industry of equipment and aircraft to plan latest innovative ways and technologies of working aircraft and airports in order to gather both the capacity demands and the environmental limitations. Safety is not the objective of these developments; it is a mere constraint. Consequently, new hazards emerge and accessible dangers become complicated to maintain unless proper concentration is given to security features in this arrangement of rising trends. A latest aspect, third party danger, presented itself as a security distress in a rising number of European states. Airports are centers in the system of air transport. Therefore, their attendance causes a junction of air traffic over the region nearby the airport. For the people living in the surrounding area of an airport this involves unintentional experience to the danger of aircraft mishaps. Even though the possibility of a mishap per flight is extremely small (normally in the order of 1 in one million), local danger levels around airports are higher than one may think. The resulting yearly possibility of a mishap at a distinctive large airport is so much larger than the small possibility of being concerned in an aircraft mishap as a passenger. In addition, mishaps have a propensity to happen throughout the landing and take-off stages of flight and therefore close to an airport. Security information from researches describes that approach and landing stage mishaps account for a major part of fatal air transport mishaps. It can be observed that 82 percent of the accidents of world jet aircraft fleet 1988-1997 happened in these flight stages and recorded for 58 percent of every wounded. Historical information verifies that accidents of aircraft relating significant numbers of third party sufferers happen numerous times a year. Perhaps the best recognized example is the terrible mishap of a Boeing 747 in suburban Amsterdam in 1992. Latest mishaps happened in Taiwan (Taipeh), Russia (Irkoetsk), Paraguay and Zaire (219 3rd party victims). This environmental effect is of rising consequence to airports security liability and decision making on airport improvement and land-use development for airports. Airports play a significant function in the security of air travel. A current study of mishaps described that around 30 percent of these mishaps related at least one airport concerned aspect in the fundamental chain leading up to the accident. Airport related factors in this case are taken as those factors which are specific to the airport environment but are not necessarily owned by the airport (and can therefore include concerns like fog, snow, inadequate ATC guidance, etc.). The comparative value of airport fundamental aspects can be anticipated from their comparative frequency of incidence in fundamental series of mishaps in the dataset. To this end, the 76 various airport connected fundamental aspects discovered, were grouped into seven groups. These groups are:  · Marking and Lighting  · Taxiways and runways  · Information  · External dangers  · Ramp and apron and  · ATC procedures and operations  · Aerodrome Definition of social responsibility Social responsibility is the managerial obligation to take action that protects and improves both the welfare of society as a whole and interests of the organization means, not an end. To be socially responsible, the airline industry must have a clear, rational definition of social purpose, a system of setting priorities based on their social implications, and a structured, integrated approach to financial and social action (Graham, 2010). Implicit in social responsibility is a new definition of success for small business. Area of Social Responsibility When defining its sense of social responsibility, airline industries typically confronts four areas of concern: responsibilities toward the employees, environment, customers and its investors (John, 2003). Social responsibility towards employees In the best tradition of participative management, the airline industries invited all its employees to join in forging a new statement of values to avoid massive layoffs. These included teamwork, mutual respect, and professionalism, all duly inscribed on, among other places, coffee cups at office, so that, every time you had some coffee, you drank the values, too (Gurpreet, 2003). Employees needs must be met if the business itself is to prosper. Relationships of decency and trust are central to the achievement of the airline industries aim. Employees who in the form of dirty lavatories, lack of privacy or unjust wage structures, will be unwilling to contribute to the airline industries. Do people imagine a worker might be inclined to maximize his/her profits by stretching out the work to get more overtime or perhaps even a little Sunday double time? And just as employees need to believe in the companys commitment to treating them with decency, they expect to be treated justly and fai rly, not be used and then arbitrarily rejected. If they can strike a fair deal with people theyll come back for more. In the long run, airline industries will do that much better. Social responsibility towards investors The views of shareholders / investors might have encouraged responsibility in the airline industries. Stockholders want the company to make as much money for them as possible (Gurpreet, 2003). Their objectives differ and they are not confined to furthering the strictly economic role of companies. Indeed, recent developments in the area of ethical investment trusts would seem to indicate that many investors, like employees, are very keen to feel good about the firms in which they are involved. Certainly not all of them are simply after a quick financial return and they are often clear about areas like tobacco, alcohol, gambling, or arms into which they do not want to, put their money (John, 2003). Social responsibility towards customers Obviously, a company should act responsibility towards its customers and provide quality products and pricing product fairly based on consumer rights (Graham, 2010). Consumers have a right to safe products, most completed instruction and product testing. Consumers have a right to be informed about all relevant aspects of a product. Social responsibility towards environment Good environmental management can improve employee morale and help attract better quality staff, cut costs by eliminating waste and saving energy, and bring competitive advantage by putting the company at the forefront of technical and regulatory development. Firms in numerous other industries have also integrated socially conscious thinking into their production plans and marketing efforts. The production of environmentally safe products, for example, has become a potential boom area, designing products to be environmentally friendly. Sales of vegetable-based cleaning products, recycled paper products and all natural toiletries are a few examples. Approaches to social responsibility There are four approaches to social responsibility. First is obstructionist approach. Second is defensive approach. Third is accommodative approach. And fourth is proactive approach. Advantages of behave social responsibility Using social responsibility to spot out new markets isnt a matter of recognizing that these opportunities exist. That means we may have to be content with a smaller profit margin in exchange for gaining a new market, and never make the mistake of assuming that a less-affluent market is any less choosy than the well off when it comes to buying habits. Disadvantages of behaving in an unsocial manor Unethical and irresponsibility business practices towards customers can result in government fines and loss of clientele. Collusion occurs when two or more firms agree to collaborate on such wrongful acts such as fixed pricing. However irresponsible behavior towards investors means abuse of a firms financial resources. In such cases, the ultimate losers are indeed the owners who did not receive there due earnings or dividends. Companies can act irresponsibility by misrepresent ting company resources such as improper financial management, check kiting, insider trading, and misrepresentation of finances (John, 2003). Case study There is an example of Malaysia Airlines System (MAS) as a case study. As an employer, insurer, consumer and investor, MAS has studied that the social responsible can be reflected in its environment, community, workforce, human rights, health and safety, suppliers, customers and standards of business practice. Every member is committed to continuous improvement in the corporate social responsibility program and this encourages those business partners to strive for matching performance. Thus, they recognize that the business activities have direct and indirect impacts on the society in which is operating all the time and carried out some policies as below: a) Employee appreciation and prizes: MAS realizes that workers are inclined to enlist in demeanor that is identified and paid and bypass demeanor that is punished. The system of employing, chartering, encouraging, reimbursing and openly respecting workers all may be conceived to encourage business communal duty. b) Communication, education and training: MAS identified that workers will not be held responsible if they are not cognizant of its significance and supplied with the data and devices they need to proceed properly in bearing their job requirements. They announce the significance of business communal blame internally, encompass it as a subject in administration teaching programs, and supply managers and workers with decision-making methods that support them accomplish to blame results. c) Environment: MAS has an encouraging dream of a cleaner, smarter development in aviation which maximizes the affirmative advantages for humanity facilitating prosperity, regeneration, local and UK competitiveness, heritage exchange and communal addition while minimizing contradictory communal and ecological influences (David, 2009). d) Practices of business: It has habitually integrating schemes, inducements and pay schemes to make sure that sustainable improvement main concerns are echoed in day-to-day conclusions and procedures at each of the airports. By advancing presentation through objectives, externally audited goals, key presentation signs and by mirroring these main concerns in connections with enterprise suppliers and partners. By looking through MAS past accomplishments, they have struggled to assist the buyer better and have obtained worldwide acclaim from numerous unaligned associations for diverse facets of their services. Their peak administration group obtained an accolade from the Asian Institute of Management and the World Executive Digest, for its excellence in general administration and achievement in positioning itself in the airline industry. Going as far back as 1957, they obtained the Cumber Batch Trophy for no misfortune record (John, 2003). In year 1995, the Boeing Commercial Aircraft Company provided Malaysia a Pride in Excellence Award in accomplishing reliability excellence for the B737-400 fleet (David, 2009). Malaysia Airlines performance has a crucial function in projecting Malaysia as a favored and worth for cash tourist place traveled to through comprehensive on-going junction advancements with tourism in Malaysia at main markets to boost tourist appearances into Malaysia. Conclusion Malaysia Airlines can play a role of leadership in influencing the behavior of others, from business partners to industry colleagues to neighboring businesses. The entire company has been acting conscientiously and thinking long term because they recognize that eventually it is in everyones best interests to have as several companies as possibly honoring the expectations and requirements of responsibility of corporate social. It endeavors to control every procedure in a responsible approach, believing that sound and provable performance in relation to business social responsibility rules and practices is a basic element of business success.

Occupational Safety And Health Management System Construction Essay

Occupational Safety And Health Management System Construction Essay OSH Management system standard has been widely used as an approach and strategy towards improving the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) standards at the workplace. As a Safety Officer , I have been instructed by my organization to get the OHSAS 18001:2007 certification within a year. There were some reasons that forced the Board of Directors took this step. I believe the reasons can be considered by other companies, which are willing to adopt it  as their OSH management systems. OHSAS 18001:2007   is occupational health and safety management standard. It defines a set of  occupational health and safety  (OHS) management requirements for  occupational health and safety management  systems (OHSMS). This new OHSAS 18001 2007 standard was officially published during July  of 2007. It cancels and replaces OHSAS 18001 1999.The purpose of OHSAS 18001:2007 is to help organizations to manage and  control their OHS risks and to improve their OHS performance.They can achieve this purpose by developing an OHSMS that complies with OHSAS 18001:2007. An  OHSMS  is a network of interrelated elements. These elements include  responsibilities, authorities, relationships, functions, activities, processes, practices, procedures, and resources. These elements are used to establish OHS policies, plans, programs, and objectives. Simply by meeting all of the OHSAS 18001:2007 requirements (Part 4), you will automatically establish an integrated OHSMS for your organization. How we meet  each  of the OHSAS 18001:2007 requirements, and to what extent, depends  on many factors, including: The size of the organization The location of the organization The nature of the organizations culture The nature of the organizations activities The nature of the organizations legal obligations The nature and scope of the organizations OHSMS The content of the organizations OHS policy The nature of the organizations OHS hazards The nature of the organizations OHS risks Here are the reasons why implementing OHSAS 18001:2007 would give companies more value and benefits. Meeting customers requirements, especially the customers which have been implementing OHSAS 18001 Attract more companies to deal with the company. Fulfill stakeholders satisfaction Ensure the company to meet legal and regulations on occupational safety and health. Improve the quality of workplaces Improve companys health and  safety performance Prevent company to pay unnecessary expenditures Enhance companys  image and companys commitment to  continuous improvement  on health and  safety matter in the workplace Company Background PENWIN Group is engaged in construction and investment holding activities. It operates in three segments: construction, which is engaged in construction activities; property development, which is engaged in development of land into vacant lots, residential, commercial and/or industrial buildings; manufacturing and quarrying, which is engaged in production and sale of concrete products and quarrying activities. Element 4.2 : OHS Policy HSE Management System PENWIN GROUP HSE Management System (HSEMS) is an integrated system certified by OHSAS 18001:1999, ISO 14001:2004 and MS 1722:Part 1:2005 standards. Committed to the set HSE objectives, the Group has systematically implemented, monitoredand measured significant HSE management elements translated into the Group HSEMS Manual, Procedures and Workplaces Plans; these include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pro-active management of OHS Risks and Environmental Impacts by identification of hazards, assessment of risks and impacts, and determination of risks and impacts control measures during the project activities planning stage; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Continuous identification and compliance evaluation of relevant HSE Legislations; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Training and competency needs identification and provision for the Groups employees based on specific roles and responsibilities towards HSE; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Effective platforms for consultation and communication of HSE issues by active participation from various levels and functions; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Determination of operational control measures to eliminate or reduce OHS risks and environmental impacts by establishment of HSE Standard Operating Procedures and Criteria; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pro-active planning for emergency readiness and responses; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Effective programmes for measurement and monitoring of HSE performance covering planned and surprise inspections, statistical analysis and reporting; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Non-conformity and Incident Management for managing identified non-conformity and incidents through causal analysis to determine improvement actions and prevention of recurrence; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Scheduled internal audits for verification of system conformance; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Scheduled management review for reviewing established system suitability, adequacy and effectiveness. HSE Organisation The Health, Safety and Environmental Management System has been implemented at all levels of the Group and HSE Organisations are established to effectively manage and monitor its implementation. The HSE Organisations include: a) Health, Safety and Environment Management Committee (HSEMC) The Committee, led by the CEO Managing Director meets at planned intervals to review HSE operations and performance. b) Health, Safety and Environment Committee (HSEC) Led by appointed senior management staff, the Committee is established at corporate level and at all workplaces as part of compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA). c) Corporate HSE Department Established at corporate level to assist the Group in establishing, implementing and maintaining the Health, Safety and Environmental Management System. Health And Safety Policy Statement Our Goal: 1 Malaysia, Health, Safety and Environment is Everyones Responsibility The Management of PENWIN Group is committed to the health and safety of its employees and for all who are involved in our projects. Protection of employees from injury or occupational disease is a major continuing objective. We are committed to continuing improvement toward an accident-free workplace through effective administration, education and training. All supervisors and workers must be dedicated to the continuing objectives of eliminating the near misses which will greatly reduce the risk of injuries. Our philosophy is that the well-being of our company and clients is dependent on the health and safety or our workforce. The Directors and Officers of this corporation promise that every precaution reasonable in all circumstances will be taken for the protection of all workers. No job is to be regarded so urgent that time cannot be taken to do it in a safe manner. The welfare of the individual is our greatest concern. Supervisors will be responsible for the health and safety of workers under their supervision. Supervisors are responsible to ensure that machinery and equipment required for use by each worker are safe and that each worker works in compliance with established safe work practices and procedures for each piece of equipment. Workers must receive adequate training in their specific work tasks to protect their health and safety. All supervisors, employees and subcontractors must protect their own and fellow workers health and safety by working in compliance with the Occupational Health and Safety Act and all applicable regulations and safe work practices and procedures established by our company. We are a member of the NIOSH. We recognize that a safe work environment can be established and sustained only through a united effort by all employees and subcontractors and that the assistance of each person is required. Your attitude and cooperation in promoting accident prevention will assist in achieving our goal, and make our company the best place to work, one where employees share in corporate growth and success. Everyone from the President to new workers has the responsibility to ensure a safe and healthy workplace. Lets all work together to prevent incidents from creating unwanted losses and personal injuries or illnesses. [BADROL HISHAM BIN HJ BAHARI] President PENWIN Group 12 September 2000 Health and Safety Responsibilities Senior Management Prepare a health and safety policy. Post it in the workplace and review it annually. Develop a program to implement the health and safety policy. Ensure it is known throughout the organization. Ensure training is in place to make the program work. Appoint competent supervision. Ensure that equipment, materials and protective devices are provided and maintained in good condition. Provide resources so supervisors and workers can carry out safe and healthy work. Ensure that adequate and suitable planning is done to provide safe and healthy workplaces. Review accident reports and respond where necessary. Review middle managements site inspection reports quarterly. Delegate authority and responsibility. Hold employees and subcontractors accountable for the authority and responsibility delegated to them. Be visibly committed to making health and safety work. Inspire others to make it work. Middle Management Ensure that the workforce understands their health and safety responsibilities. Ensure that equipment, materials and protective devices are provided and maintained in good condition. Ensure the workforce is trained to safely complete the work and deal with hazards. Ensure that the training is current and regularly reviewed. Be aware of applicable legislation and ensure compliance. Ensure there is an effective mechanism for co-operative problem solving amongst workers and supervisors. Take unresolved health and safety problems to senior management. Respond appropriately to reports of problems and to Joint Health and Safety Committee/Health and Safety Rep recommendations. Ensure procedures and practices are established so workers can carry out safe and healthy work. Establish a system to review the health and safety program. Ensure it is up-to-date. Review supervisors safety/toolbox talks Review accident/incident reports. Ensure corrective actions are taken. Conduct a formal inspection of a job site once a month. Report quarterly to senior management on the status of health and safety performance. Hold supervisors accountable for the authority and responsibility delegated to them and hold workers accountable for their responsibilities. Be visibly committed to making health and safety work. Inspire others to make it work. Supervisor Ensure that workers use or wear the equipment, protective devices or clothing that the company requires to be used or worn and that it is in good condition. Ensure that workers receive appropriate training to use or wear the equipment, protective devices or clothing that the company requires. Establish procedures and practices to ensure that workers can carry out safe and healthy work. Ensure that workers comply with the Occupational Health and Safety Act, applicable regulations and the companys policy and program. Ensure that workers are aware of potential hazards and have dealt with, or are dealing with, the actual hazards in the workplace. Plan and communicate work assignments to enable workers to produce safety. Involve workers in work planning and problem solving. Provide orientation to new crew members. Conduct weekly safety talks and weekly site inspections. Review safety aspects of each task with crew. Conduct accident or incident investigation. Encourage workers to report health and safety problems Respond quickly and appropriately to worker concerns and cooperate in their correction. Take matter to higher level if beyond supervisors authority/ability. Report safety problems to middle management. Be aware of the applicable legislation and company procedures. Set an example by being consistently safety conscious, and insisting on the safe performance of work. Supervise, advise and coach workers as required. Observe the work in progress and provide positive input to the worker. Worker Use or wear the equipment, protective devices or clothing that the company requires. Work safely in accordance with the companys or the clients health and safety policy and program, and with the Occupational Health and Safety Act and applicable regulations. Do not remove, displace or interfere with the use of any safeguards. Report unsafe conditions to the supervisor, after taking appropriate immediate action. Report all accidents, injuries and near-misses immediately to the supervisor. Work in a way that will not endanger yourself or others. Advise other workers of unsafe conditions or work practices. Participate in solving health and safety problems. Provide recommendations to the supervisor to improve health and safety. Element 4.3.1 : Planning For Hazard Identification, Risk Assesment and Risk Control Job Hazard Analysis Purpose The purpose of our Job Hazard Analysis is to identify, control or eliminate potential or actual dangers in a job or task. Factors to be considered in assigning a priority for analysis of jobs include: Accident frequency and severity: jobs where accidents occur frequently or where they occur infrequently but result in disabling injuries Potential for severe injuries or illnesses: the consequences of an accident, hazardous condition, or exposure to harmful substances are potentially severe Newly established jobs: due to lack of experience in these jobs, hazards may not be evident or anticipated Modified jobs: new hazards may be associated with changes in job procedures Infrequently performed jobs: workers may be at greater risk when undertaking non-routine jobs, and a Job Hazard Analysis provides means of reviewing hazards PENWIN Group management and supervision is responsible for ensuring all work is safely planned; the Job Hazard Analysis will assist in determining firstly, what are the steps in the job; secondly, what are the potential hazards in the job; and finally, what are the protective measures for the safety of our worker(s) assigned to do the non-routine work. Procedure for Completing a Job Hazard Analysis Breakdown of Job Steps Job or task identified for analysis by supervisor Supervisor overseeing the job breaks job into steps (with assistance from crew members, h s rep etc) A job step is defined as a segment of the operation necessary to advance the work Keep the steps in the correct sequence Identify Actual/Potential Hazards (refer to checklist in appendix) Once the basic steps have been recorded, potential hazards must be identified at each step. This is based on observation of the job, knowledge of accident and in jury causes, and personal experience. To identify potential hazards, the supervisor may use questions such as these (this is not a complete list): Can any body part get caught in or between objects? Do tools, machines or equipment present any hazards? Can the worker make harmful contact with objects? Can the worker slip, trip or fall? Can the worker suffer strain from lifting, pushing or pulling? Is the worker exposed to extreme heat or cold? Is excessive noise or vibration a problem? Is there a danger from falling objects? Is lighting a problem? Can weather conditions affect safety? Is harmful radiation a possibility? Can contact be made with hot, toxic or caustic substances? Are there dusts, fumes, mists or vapours in the air? Preventative Measures/Controls After completing the risk assessment and having taken account of existing controls the company should be able to determine whether existing controls are adequate or need improving or new controls are required. The following provides examples of implementing the hierarchy of controls. Elimination modify a design to eliminate the hazard, e.g introduce mechanical lifting devices to eliminate the manual handling hazard. Substitution substitute a less hazardous material or reduce the system energy e.g lower the force, amperage, pressure, temperature, etc . Engineering Controls install ventilation systems, machine guarding, interlocks, sound enclosures, etc. Signage, warnings and/or administrative controls install alarms, safety procedures, equipment inspections, access controls. Personal protective equipment safety glasses , hearing protection, face shields, safety harnesses and lanyards, respirators and gloves. Eliminate the Hazard This is the most effective measure, some examples are: Choose a different process Modify an existing process Substitute with less hazardous substance Improve environment (ventilation) Modify or change equipment or tools Contain the Hazard If the hazard cannot be eliminated, contact might be prevented by using enclosures, machine guards, worker booths or similar devices. Revise Work Procedure Consideration might be given to modifying steps that are hazardous, changing the sequence of steps or adding additional steps (such as locking out energy sources) Reduce the Exposure These measures are the least effective and should only be used if no other solutions are possible. One way to minimizing exposure is to reduce the number of times the hazard is encountered. Communication of Job Hazard Analysis to Workers When the Job Hazard Analysis is completed, the results must be communicated to all workers who are, or who will be, performing the job. The job hazard analysis must be discussed by the employees performing the job to ensure that all the basic steps have been noted, are in the correct order, have suitable controls and be documented and signed by the worker and supervisor. Supervisors will ensure that workers are following the appropriate control procedures. Hazard Reporting System Policy PENWIN Group is committed to identifying and removing or controlling hazards. The hazard reporting system is a worker-oriented process. Workers are in the best position to identify the hazards in the workplace because they are the ones who perform the work. Workers act as a second set of eyes for supervisors. Procedure Worker Responsibilities Report any perceived hazard verbally to the site supervisor. Provide recommendations to the supervisor on how to eliminate or control the hazard. If the supervisor does not respond to your concern you are to inform management. Supervisor Responsibilities Discuss the hazard and controls with the worker and complete the Hazard Identification Form. Respond to the workers concern by the next shift. Ensure that the form details the action or non-action which will be taken. Provide a copy of the completed Hazard Identification Form to middle management. Middle Management Responsibilities Ensure action is taken to address the hazard identified. Initialize and date the Hazard Identification Form. See ATTACHMENT for: Hazard Identification Form Risk Assesment Risk assessment is the process where you: Identify hazards. Analyze or evaluate the risk associated with that hazard. Determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard. In practical terms, a risk assessment is a thorough look at your workplace to identify those things, situations, processes, etc that may cause harm, particularly to people. After identification is made, you evaluate how likely and severe the risk is, and then decide what measures should be in place to effectively prevent or control the harm from happening. Risk assessments are very important as they form an integral part of a good occupational health and safety management plan. They help to: Create awareness of hazards and risks. Identify who may be at risk (employees, cleaners, visitors, contractors, the public, etc). Determine if existing control measures are adequate or if more should be done. Prevent injuries or illnesses when done at the design or planning stage. Prioritize hazards and control measures. The aim of the risk assessment process is to remove a hazard or reduce the level of its risk by adding precautions or control measures, as necessary. By doing so, you have created a safer and healthier workplace. Assessments should be done by a competent team of individuals who have a good working knowledge of the workplace. Staff should be involved always include supervisors and workers who work with the process under review as they are the most familiar with the operation. In general, to do an assessment, you should: Identify hazards. Evaluate the likelihood of an injury or illness occurring, and its severity. Consider normal operational situations as well as non-standard events such as shutdowns, power outages, emergencies, etc. Review all available heath and safety information about the hazard such as MSDSs, manufacturers literature, information from reputable organizations, results of testing, etc. Identify actions necessary to eliminate or control the risk. Monitor and evaluate to confirm the risk is controlled. Keep any documentation or records that may be necessary. Documentation may include detailing the process used to assess the risk, outlining any evaluations, or detailing how conclusions were made. When doing an assessment, you must take into account: the methods and procedures used in the processing, use, handling or storage of the substance, etc. the actual and the potential exposure of workers the measures and procedures necessary to control such exposure by means of engineering controls, work practices, and hygiene practices and facilities By determining the level of risk associated with the hazard, the employer and the joint he Ranking or prioritizing hazards is one way to help determine which hazard is the most serious and thus which hazard to control first. Priority is usually established by taking into account the employee exposure and the potential for accident, injury or illness. By assigning a priority to the hazards, you are creating a ranking or an action list. The following factors play an important role: percentage of workforce exposed frequency of exposure degree of harm likely to result from the exposure probability of occurrence There is no one simple or single way to determine the level of risk. Ranking hazards requires the knowledge of the workplace activities, urgency of situations, and most importantly, objective judgement. One option is to use a table similar to the following as established by the British Standards Organization: Note:  These categorizations and the resulting asymmetry of the matrix arise from the examples of harm and likelihood illustrated within the British Standard. Organizations should adjust the design and size of the matrix to suit their needs. Definitions for Likelihood of Harm Very Likely   Typically experienced at least once every six months by an individual. Likely   Typically experienced once every five years by an individual. Unlikely   Typically experienced once during the working lifetime of an individual. Very unlikely   Less than 1% chance of being experienced by an individual during their working lifetime. Definitions for Severity of Harm Potential severity of harm   When establishing potential severity of harm, information about the relevant work activity should be considered, together with: a) part(s) of the body likely to be affected; b) nature of the harm, ranging from slight to extremely harmful: 1. slightly harmful (e.g., superficial injuries; minor cuts and bruises; eye irritation from dust; nuisance and irritation; ill-health leading to temporary discomfort) 2. harmful (e.g., lacerations; burns; concussion; serious sprains; minor fractures; deafness; dermatitis; asthma; work-related upper limb disorders; ill-health) 3. extremely harmful (e.g., amputations; major fractures; poisonings; multiple injuries; fatal injuries; occupational cancer; other severely life shortening diseases; acute fatal diseases) Definition for Risk Level   Tolerability Guidance on necessary action and timescale Very low   These risks are considered acceptable. No further action is necessary other than to ensure that the controls are maintained. Low   No additional controls are required unless they can be implemented at very low cost (in terms of time, money, and effort). Actions to further reduce these risks are assigned low priority. Arrangements should be made to ensure that the controls are maintained. Medium   Consideration should be as to whether the risks can be lowered, where applicable, to a tolerable level and preferably to an acceptable level, but the costs of additional risk reduction measures should be taken into account. The risk reduction measures should be implemented within a defined time period. Arrangements should be made to ensure that controls are maintained, particularly if the risk levels area associated with harmful consequences. High   Substantial efforts should be made to reduce the risk. Risk reduction measures should be implemented urgently within a defined time period and it might be necessary to consider suspending or restricting the activity, or to apply interim risk control measures, until this has been completed. Considerable resources might have to be allocated to additional control measures. Arrangements should be made to ensure that controls are maintained, particularly if the risk levels are associated with extremely harmful consequences and very harmful consequences. Very high   These risk are unacceptable. Substantial improvements in risk control measures are necessary so that the risk is reduced to a tolerable or acceptable level. The work activity should be halted until risk controls are implemented that reduces the risk so that it is no longer very high. If it is not possible to reduce the risk, the work should remain prohibited. Element 4.42 : Competence , training and awareness. Employee Training PENWIN Group is responsible for ensuring all employees and supervisors are properly trained. It is committed to providing adequate time and resources to train all personnel to perform their duties in an efficient and safe manner. Management is responsible for ensuring records of all completed training courses are maintained. A review of all training should take place at the regular management/supervisor meetings and meetings of the joint health and safety committee and must be completed no less than annually. Management Training In addition to participating in supervisory training requirements, operations management will be given the opportunity to attend advanced training in maintaining safety in the workplace. Supervision Training All construction supervision must attend the following safety competency courses: Supervisor competency via an accredited organization First aid and CPR Fall protection train the trainer PENWIN Group health and safety program training Specialized tool and equipment instruction as required Worker Training/Instruction Workers will be instructed by a competent person to ensure that safety is maintained in the workplace. Formal training must be provided for the following: Fall Protection Personal Protective Equipment (Respirator, hazmat if required) Tools and equipment (new or specialized) Emergency Response An evaluation must be completed to ensure workers are familiar with program content and the activities for which they will be responsible. The objective of training is to ease the implementation of health and safety policies into specific job practices and to raise awareness and skill levels to an acceptable standard. While all employees can benefit from health and safety training, special attention should be given to the training of supervisors, trainers, and workers. Occasions when employee training may be required are: commencement of employment reassignment or transfer to a new job introduction of new equipment, processes, or procedures inadequate performance The following topics be included in supervisory safety training: safety and the supervisor know your accident problems human relations maintaining interest in safety instructing for safety industrial hygiene personal protective equipment industrial housekeeping material handling and storage guarding machines and mechanisms hand and portable power tools fire protection The supervisor is generally responsible for much of the training of workers. This duty, however, is often delegated to an experienced worker. To be an effective instructor, an instructor should: Receive training in how to instruct. Prepare an orderly plan for instruction. Explain reasons why each step must be done in a certain way. All instructors should be taught how to proceed when training a new or inexperienced employee: Plan the session beforehand; break the job down into steps; have training aids available. Explain what is to be done. Describe all the hazards and protective measures. Demonstrate each step, stress key points, and answer any questions. Have the employee carry out each step, correct errors, and compliment good performance. Check frequently after the employee is working independently to ensure correct performance. Documented correct work procedures are an invaluable aid in job skills training. External sources for training assistance are industry associations, unions, government agencies, and professional consultants. Once the health and safety program has been set in place and the program appears to be running smoothly, effort is still required to maintain enthusiasm and interest. Studies have shown that the effectiveness of health and safety educational techniques depends largely on how much importance management is seen to place on health and