Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Private enterprise - Essay Example The fourteen century emergency prompts rise of current free enterprise. Land possession and rural creation offered ascend to clashes. The courses of action of manorial prevent the advancement of private enterprise. This was when rulers power serfs to create which thwart them from getting interests through mechanical advancements. The serfs could just deliver what was sufficient for their families. Extension of influence and riches by rulers prompted prominent utilization. The emergency in the century was through awful climate, profitability in horticulture and impediments on innovation. There was division of classes because of ascent of connections which were legally binding among serfs and masters. Feudalism established frameworks vital for unthinking turn of events. Investigation likewise encourages the improvement of private enterprise. The ascent of rivalry prompted making of the new model. It prompted winning and losing. Feudalism which prompted robotic prompted responsibility f or and private areas. Choices of private segments, costs of various wares, merchandise creation and conveyance describe ventures, which prompted free markets (Heilbroner et al, 2011). Roman Empire presents shipper private enterprises which were progressed. This returns to improvement of Islamic private enterprise. Modern free enterprise, upsets and division of work are a portion of the variables that prompted making of new model. There are numerous likenesses among Newton and Adam Smith. For instance, Adam Smith distinguished didactical mode which he named as Newtonian strategy. Smith helped in finding general laws of financial matters while Newton found common laws of movement. John Millar pronounced Smith as Newton’s political economy. Both added to the venture of social union and parity. As per Newton, straightforwardness satisfies nature yet centers around economy which was humiliate by Smith. Ricardo and Malthus are critical about the fate of private enterprise. Malthus from his hypothesis neglect to foresee creation

The Economic importance of Transportation Essay

The Economic significance of Transportation - Essay Example ailure anytime of the vehicle arrange that we have could be awful as the IRU (2002) discloses to us that, â€Å"Any transport organize disappointments might be absorbed to ‘blood clots’ deterring free development of individuals, products and ventures, and thwarting manageable advancement of world economy (IRU, 2002, Pg. 1).† For America specifically, there exists a broad street, rail, air and ocean based vehicle arrange that connects all the urban communities and towns inside the mainland from New York to Juno. Anyway the huge vehicle arrange in America was not constructed for the time being but instead it took many years of arranging, situating, guidelines, foundation improvement and a colossal money related venture before the system could take a useable structure. Obviously, for most of the populace, the most generally observed and maybe the frequently utilized framework for transport remains the street and expressway arranges that cut over the land. Financial concerns positively come up when the street arrange is arranged or in any event, when another street/thruway is to be made by the legislature. These monetary measures characterize the objectives of such a component of the vehicle arrange. For instance, the financial objective of the street could be to reduce weight and consequently spare time for people who are driving starting with one point on the city then onto the next. It could likewise be to give more courses to getting to a state of monetary intrigue, for example, a shopping center. Indeed, even the idea of what will be moved by the course is a significant thought since streets going in or originating from a mechanical zone may have various particulars when contrasted with the streets that are being used in private zones (Weiner, 2004). A built up transport system can even guide the monetary advancement of a locale since businesses might be increasingly keen on situating to a district that has a broad street arrange allowing the simple development of overwhelming trucks or other hardware. Access to railways or air terminals might be significant for

What Makes the Best College Essays Amazing TKG

What Makes the Best College Essays Amazing This year was a year of outstanding essays from our students. We’re a little biased, but we truly were deeply impressed. While the college application process can be far less than inspiring, our kids were willing to push themselves, dedicate the time needed to develop not just this one piece, but as writers overall, and produce essays that showed their hard work.To be honest, this isn’t surprising. We knew the essays would be good because a good essay is a bit of a formula. Yes, you have to be willing to put the time inâ€"but we don’t work with kids who aren’t. Yes, you have to have something to sayâ€"but we don’t work with kids who don’t. If you are willing to do the work, and you have something to say, you can write a killer essay.Here are our five things that make a top college essay:A great essay is a long-term projectWriting an essay isn’t a project for an afternoon. No matter what you wish was possible and no matter what any college counselor has tried to sell you , you can’t sit down for 2 hours and come out with an amazing essay. That applies to everyone regardless of how many A’s your English teacher gave you last year. A great essay takes time, and it takes commitment, so you have to start early and work on it gradually.A great essay is an inch wideOften a student’s impulse is to try to cram a half a dozen different things into the 650 words. That doesn’t work. A great essay is focused on a moment or two. It is precise, it is scene-based, and it is certainly not sprawling.  A great essay is a mile deepKeeping your essay focused opens up space for digging in. While a great college essay is only an inch wide, it should also be a mile deep. By this, we mean exploring what you are focused on in a way that goes far beyond the superficial. Your essay should show something about you that admissions officers won’t see anywhere else in your application. It should also reveal something unexpected, even if what is unexpected is simple. A f lash-bang-boom-style essay is far less powerful than one in which you are the driving force. Going deep keeps you in the driver’s seatâ€"which is where you belong.A great essay has a voiceIf you want to write a great essay, you need to have a voice. In top college essays, the reader can hear the writer in the piece. That voice will stick with them as they read the rest of the application, and act as a guide when it comes to them vouching for your application. Worried you don’t know your voice? Try freewriting. First, though, throw out the thesaurus.A great essay isn’t your friend’s essay We have example essays on our website, there are thousands on Google, and you’ll probably see a few of your friends. While it’s normal to take inspiration from the work of others, remember to stop at inspiration. Plagiarism aside, something working for someone else doesn’t make it the right style/voice/form/topic for you. The reason we spend so much time with each student is so that th eir work is distinctly theirs, not a copy of some essay that went viral two years earlier. Your essay needs a voice, a point of view, and a story that is all you.Need help finding your voice? We can help you out.

Origins of Italian Surnames

Whats in an Italian last name? Ask Leonardo da Vinci, Piero della Francesca, Alessandro Botticelli, or Domenico Ghirlandaio. They were all great artists of the Italian Renaissance, and their surnames paint a picture, too. On the Map Historically, many Italian last names were based on where a person lived or was born. Leonardo da Vincis family was from Vinci, a town in eastern Tuscany—hence his last name, meaning from Vinci. Ironically, during his lifetime, he was referred to solely by his first name. The sculptor Andrea Pisano, best known for his panels on the bronze south door of the Florence Baptistery, was originally named Andrea da Pontedra since he was born in Pontedra, a village near Pisa. He was later referred to as Pisano, indicating the town famous for the Leaning Tower. The single-named Perugino was from the town of Perugia. One of the most popular Italian last names today, Lombardi, is tied to the region of the same name. A Barrel of Laughs Ask most people to name a work of art by Alessandro di Mariano Filipepi and theyd be hard-pressed to name even one. But mention some of his famous works that hang in the Uffizi, such as The Birth of Venus or The Adoration of the Magi, and theyd probably recognize Botticelli. His name was derived from his elder brother Giovanni, a pawnbroker, who was called Il Botticello (The Little Barrel). Another Florentine artist from the fifteenth century with a colorful last name was Giuliano Bugiardini, which literally means little liars. Maybe his family was known for their storytelling skills. There are many other richly imagined, descriptive Italian last names, such as Torregrossa (big tower), Quattrochi (four eyes), Bella (beautiful), and Bonmarito (good husband). Mr. Smith Some Italian last names are related to a persons occupation or trade. Domenico Ghirlandaio, an Early Renaissance painter noted for his frescoes, probably had an ancestor who was a gardener or florist (the word ghirlanda means wreath or garland). Another Florentine painter, also famous for his frescoes, was known as Andrea del Sarto, but his real name was Andrea dAgnolo di Francesco. His moniker del sarto (of the tailor) was derived from his fathers profession. Other examples of Italian surnames related to jobs include Contadino (farmer), Tagliabue (ox-cutter or butcher), and Auditore (literally meaning a hearer, or listener and referring to a judge). Johnson, Clarkson, Robinson Piero di Cosimo, an Early Renaissance painter, adopted his last name as a patronym—that is, his last name was based on his fathers name (Piero di Cosimo—Peter son of Cosimo). Piero della Francesca, whose masterpiece fresco cycle the Legend of the True Cross can be seen in the 13th–century church of San Francesco in Arezzo, had a matronymic surname. That is, his last name was based on his mother’s name (Piero della Francesca—Peter son of Francesca). Left to the Wolves Italian last names typically arose from geographic location, description, patronym, or trade. Theres one other source that deserves mention, though, especially considering how prevalent the last name is. Esposito, literally meaning exposed (from the Latin expositus, past participle of exponere to place outside) is a Italian surname commonly denoting an orphan. Typically, abandoned children were left on church steps, hence the name. Other Italian last names derived from the practice include Orfanelli (little orphans), Poverelli (little poor (people), and Trovato/Trovatelli (found, little foundling). Top 20 Italian Last Names Below are the top 20 Italian surnames throughout Italy: RossiRussoFerrariEspositoBianchiRomanoColomboRicciMarinoGrecoBrunoGalloContiDe LucaCostaGiordanoManciniRizzoLombardiMoretti

Mass Media Influence - 818 Words

Mass Media Influence In the last 50 years the media influence has grown exponentially with the advance of technology, first there was the telegraph, then the radio, the newspaper, magazines, television and now the internet. We live in a society that depends on information and communication to keep moving in the right direction and do our daily activities like work, entertainment, health care, education, personal relationships, traveling and anything else that we have to do. A common person in the city usually wakes up checks the tv news or newspaper, goes to work, makes a few phone calls, eats with their family when possible and makes his decisions based on the information that he has either from their co workers, news, tv, friends,†¦show more content†¦The problem with this is that it can become traumatic especially in our children as we see it more and more. Our kids that are starting to grow and are shaping their personality values and beliefs can become aggressive or they can lose a sense of reality and fiction of what they are seeing. In the past years there have been some cases of kids carrying a gun at school and even hurting others with it. Those kids have been linked to excessive use of violent video games and war images. Another problem is that real war is used as a form of entertainment by the media, we should make our kids and teen aware that war is not a form of entertainment and that there is no win or lose like in video games, in real war everyoneShow MoreRelatedMass Media and Its Influence1899 Words   |  8 PagesMass Media and Its Influence Spoken, written, or broadcast communication whose medium may include television, radio, advertising, movies, newspapers, magazines, books, cell phones and the Internet becomes a mass media that affects our societys perception of ourselves and others and influences the structures of our society as well as the reactions of the individual. Americans perceive the political, economic, class, educational, and other structures of American society because of, by, and throughRead MoreMedia Influence Mass Media795 Words   |  4 PagesMass Media and the Influence on America and Television By. Mozelle Jones HUMANITIES In real life, we are in Mass Media and we did not even know it. Everything from you learning to just leisure involvement. The cultural products that influence mass media and has taking part is Net Flix. It has made an impact on the movie business where television can be used to see movies and mass media. Television still has an impact on cultural meanings. It shows us the news, ads, and movies that changeRead MoreThe Medias Influence Of The Media And Mass Media1606 Words   |  7 Pagesdevices for amusement. TV and media have exhibited or reflected how society should function. It additionally has painted a picture of society; how it should look, feel, and act. Nowadays one may say that the media and body image correlate with one another. Mass media is intended to connect with large groups of people using different forms of innovation; such as the internet, magazines, commercials, and TV shows. Its purpose is to give information to society. The media influence is everywhere a nd thereRead MoreMedia s Influence On Mass Media Essay800 Words   |  4 PagesMedia learning influence Mass media plays a pivotal role in the learning process as it provides a general learning platform for everyone using the channel. Transmission of information through the mass media is effective due to the accessibility and the different forms that it is accessed. Print media Despite the presence of other advanced technologies, print media is still important learning media that offers a wide range of learning options. Learners can use print media materials such as booksRead MoreThe Influences Of Mass Media On Society864 Words   |  4 PagesThe Influences of Mass Media on Society For the greater majority of the American society, the presence of mass media is a normal part of everyday lives. With the purpose of mass media being to educate, entertain and inform, the excessive violence, self imaging, and lack of full detail on world events, is having negative influences and unhealthy impacts on society. As early as the 1920s, a form of the media has been present in the American society. Although broadcasted content wasRead MoreThe Mass Media Influence On Society804 Words   |  4 PagesThe mass media greatly influence the behavior and thoughts of citizens and policymakers, and has a great impact on policy agenda. The mass media includes television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the Internet, and other means of popular communication. There are two kinds of media; print media, which includes newspapers and magazines, and electronic media, which includes television, radio, and the Internet. There are various positives and negatives of the media and its relation to the public and toRead MoreThe Role and Influence of Mass Media1154 Words   |  5 PagesTopic 5: The role and influence of mass media Since the development of technology, mass media becomes an important part of modern society. It influences all areas; therefore, it is raising a question among people about what are the role and influence of mass media. The term mass media refers to the channels of communication (media) that exist to reach a large public audience (the mass of the population). Mass media includes newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and more recently, the InternetRead MoreMass Media Influence On American Culture878 Words   |  4 PagesMajor developments in the evolution of Mass Media The new era of technology led to major developments in the evolution of mass media, worldwide. In our society, we originally communicated orally before the Internet and wireless devices existed. Individuals relied on traditional forms of mass media, such as the television, radio, newspapers, and magazines, to attain knowledge of the outside world. Thereafter, the development of new forms mass media evolved, and we were introduced to the InternetRead MoreBad Influence of Mass Media on Kids1499 Words   |  6 Pageslonger hours at work and fewer hours with their children. As a result, outside influences have greater access and influence over our children than ever before. The internet and the media are bringing the outside world into your home; your childs peers; the influences on children from movies and the music they listen to are growing in importance and influence every day, the negative effects of television violen ce to children, negative Read MoreMass Media s Influence On Society962 Words   |  4 PagesOver the years mass media has become more available and favored by society through avenues such as magazines, television, newspapers, print ads, internet, and including social media. According to U.S. Census Bureau (2007), individuals spend nearly a total of 3,518 hours of their time on mass media outlets. Mass media has become widely popular among individuals, in particularly young adults.73% of U.S adults aged 18–29, have been reported regularly visit at least one of these outlet, and 42% use more

Computer Security and Cyber Security - 612 Words

In this day and age, Cyberspace touches almost every part of our daily lives. There are very few places that we go that are not in one way or another tied into cyberspace. On a small scale, things such as your home, work, hospitals, schools and even a lot of restaurants are tied into cyberspace. On a much larger scale, things such as the power grids that bring us power every day, nuclear power plants , military information and most of the intelligence the US government has ever collected are accessible in cyberspace. Knowing this information brings me to a few questions. How well is this information protected? How does this affect the average person? This is where cyber security comes into to play. Cyber security, in a nut shell, is the attempt to stop any person from attaining information via cyberspace that they are not supposed to have access to. Cyber security professionals’ work day after day trying to combat these threats against our information and in some cases our liv es. The biggest issue with Cyber security is that it is always evolving. As soon as one issue is fixed, a person finds a different way to exploit the codes and protocols that make up the vast entity of cyberspace. Also, the attackers can range vastly in knowledge levels; anywhere from engineers that are experts at code and how the protocols work to just kids that use scripts (premade strings of code that are programmed to automatically execute a given function). These scripts are usually made byShow MoreRelatedCyber Security : The Protection Of Computers1500 Words   |  6 Pagesliving our lives online, something needs to keep our precious data safe. Cyber security was the answer to that dilemma, and keeps all of our personal information away from people who have nefarious plans for it. Cyber Security spawned from the technology age. With so many people online and some much data flowing freely, it was only a matter of time before something bad happened. Cyber security is the protection of computers, networks, and pretty much anything that deals with an internet connectionRead MoreCyber Security : The Security Of The Nation s Computer And Telecommunications Infrastructure1091 Words   |  5 PagesCyber Security can be defined as â€Å"The security of the nation’s computer and telecommunications infrastructure that include military, all forms of communications networking, electrical grids and power plants.† (Dhillon, 2013) The attacks can involve both public and private sectors including: †¢ Government Agencies †¢ Banks †¢ Power Companies †¢ Any other companies that utilizes computer and telecommunication systems. Very little research exists regarding power in information system (IS) security. HoweverRead MoreCyber Analytics : Machine Learning For Computer Security1570 Words   |  7 PagesCyber Analytics – Machine Learning for Computer Security Arpitha Ramachandraiah, Team CRYPTERS, UBID: 5016 6499 Cyber security is in the forefront of every organizations’ core strategy to protect its data and information systems. This increased awareness about cyber security has been driven partly due to the increasing number of cyber-attacks and also due to the various government regulations such as HIPAA, SOX, PCI and so forth. Unlike in the past, attacks on organizations are more targeted, organizedRead MoreThe Cyber Security Areas For Accessing Computers Or Offices Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The following technology review is to identify the cyber security areas that must be investigated in order to incorporate Wearable Technology (WT) into future projects, such as replacing smart cards for accessing computers or offices. Since its start in 1961 (Hong, Baker, 2015), WT has been used for a variety of applications, such as managing financial transactions (Michalow, 2016) and tracking medical history (Bloss, 2015). Many of the recent applications of WT require a smartphoneRead MoreHow Cyber Security Can Be Simply Defined As Protecting Your Computer From Unwanted Access2216 Words   |  9 Pages INTRODUCTION TO CYBER SECURITY â€Å"The only system which is truly secure is one which is switched off and unplugged locked in a titanium lined safe, buried in a concrete bunker, and is surrounded by nerve gas and very highly paid armed guards. Even then, I wouldn t stake my life on it.† -- Gene Spafford, Director, Computer Operations, Audit, and Security Technology (COAST) Project, Purdue University Cyber security can be simply defined as protecting your computer from unwanted access. A simpleRead MoreA Research Project On Cyber Security1230 Words   |  5 Pages Cyber Security Introduction: - for my research project, I would like to explore about the cyber security measures. Cybersecurity covers the fundamental concepts underlying the construction of secure systems from the hardware to the software to the human computer interface, with the use of cryptography to secure interactions. These concepts are easily augmented with hands-on exercises involving relevant tools and techniques. We have different types of computer related crimes, cybercrimesRead MoreThe International Telecommunication Union ( Itu ) Defines Cyber Security1551 Words   |  7 Pagesthese systems. Cyber Security is one of the biggest threats our nation faces as we become more dependent on the use of technology in our day to day lives. What is Cyber Security? The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defines Cyber Security as â€Å"Cybersecurity is the collection of tools, policies, security concepts, security safeguards, guidelines, risk management approaches, actions, training, best practices, assurance and technologies that can be used to protect the cyber environment andRead MoreNuclear Facilities Are Among The Most Highly Secured Infrastructure1592 Words   |  7 Pagesfacilities. In order to lower the risks of physical and cyber-attacks, nuclear facilities are adopting strict protection policy and practices. Despite the implementation of these safety measures, digital instruments and computer-based systems associated with physical protection system and control system inside the facilities can still be exposed to more cyber vulnerabilities. The dependency on digital system can endanger cybersecurity and the physical security of nuclear facilities. Air gapping and standaloneRead MoreThe International Te lecommunication Union ( Itu ) Defines Cyber Security1547 Words   |  7 Pagesthese systems. Cyber Security is one of the biggest threats our nation faces as we become more dependent on the use of technology in our day to day lives. What is Cyber Security? The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defines Cyber Security as â€Å"Cybersecurity is the collection of tools, policies, security concepts, security safeguards, guidelines, risk management approaches, actions, training, best practices, assurance and technologies that can be used to protect the cyber environment andRead MoreCyber Security Is A Needed Profession Essay1123 Words   |  5 Pages Cyber Security is a needed profession that affects all different sizes of companies due to a wide variety of different types of threats like malicious codes like illegal young adult content, malware, and spyware to computer viruses. Malware can be very serious that they have the ability to easily erase the whole entire computer to non dangerous easy fix like email viruses. We need cyber security to stop the numbers of threats around the world. There have been unprecedented rise in cyber attacks

Expository Essay - Conflict free essay sample

April Stafford Every individual is bound to encounter some sort of conflict throughout their lifetime. Conflict can be engaged in both a positive or negative way. These disputes play a great role in being human and assists individuals in developing their responses and behaviour. Such battle becomes inevitable as some individuals have their own opinions to share or impose, some people all over the world are discriminated due to racial differences. People brought up in an environment surrounded by violence and sometimes certain people must encounter conflict to resolve the problem. Conflict becomes hard to avoid as every individual has their own opinion and they want their voices to be heard. For example in the text The Rugmaker of Mazar-E-Sharif a detainee of a main camp in South Australia demonstrated emotional and physical conflict. This man had been an Afghan, although the Australians in charge of the main camp did not think so. Australia, would it have been such a tragedy id you had accepted this mans story? Would your country have been more destroyed? Surely not. To be called a liar by the Australians, the man responded by sewing his lips together. He did not feel like his input changed anything, he did not feel like anyone believed what he had to say therefore he felt no reason to speak. In relation to this man who had sewn his lips together, Asylum seekers detained on Christmas Island had also sewn their lips in protest against the detention centres. Many of these detainees were offered medical assistance but refused the offer as they were hopeful that from sewing their lips would change the outcome of an unsuccessful visa. Ian Rintoul from the Refugee action Coalition states that it is the uncertainty which creates despair inside detention centres and leads to this kind of response. Many voices speak their own words but some people never hear these words out. The uncertainty of responses is what leads to this conflict. Many people are exposed to such grief and struggle in relation to the kind of culture they came from. This is an issure which people cannot control. With the 5 different countries all under the same roof of the detention centre in Woomera, thoughts of inequality and favouristim lead to mistrust thrown between everyone. When Najaf is working in the mess serving food, he witnesses an Iranian giving more food to another Iranian, later a Chechen complains leaving the Afghans to decide whos side theyre on. If they keep us here long enough, there will probably be a war. Many of the detainees in the detention centre make jokes about the other people from different countries. This leads arguments to turn into tiny wars. After the 9/11 incident which took place on September 11th 2001, racial profiling became an issure all across the U. S. Critics had thought that all arab-looking people had been suspects of this event and were forced to be searched. This grabbed the attention from media and law enforcement agencies. From such racial criticism put on people who have no idea whats happening leads them feeling singled out and humiliated. People that were randomly chosen for security checks all happened to be either wearing a type of religious head clothing or have a dark skin complexion. It isnt the fact that everyone is different although were all human, there will always be people who will judge people based on what country they come from or how they look. People are forced against verbal and an emotional dispute which they cant change or control, but instead must endure. Conflict can be forced on an individual. Najaf had been a witness to violence and trauma, he endured the taliban bombings of his hometown in Afghanistan. Najaf witnessed the continuous fights between the mujahedins and the communists. Like almost every Afghan, I have witnessed a number of explosions in my life, always unwillingly. Najaf was brought up in a nature of misery and injustice. he had no input to change the outcome of war, he had to live and tolerate the physical and emotional struggle. A documentary Children in Conflictconveys similar consequences and responses to living in a violent envrionment. These kids had been brought up in a devistating country. Children in conflict gives an insight of the kids who are affected by this situation and shows the type of conflict they experience. These kids experience a mix of emotional and physical conflict. One of the Afghan children interviewd says War has affected us in a way which has made our lives horrible and we have lost our parents. As these kids are at such a young age, with no parents, they take on adult responsibilities for themselves. This conflict is unavoidavle as people cannot help the fact they were brought up in a country where there is little food but great violence. In situations of dispute, people will find that sometimes conflict has to be engaged with in order for it to be resolved. As Najaf had found work in a factory, his boss accused Najaf of being a lazy worker and not making productive time. In response to what his boss said, Najaf had been frustrated. I explained to him, angrily, that my pride cannot bear being thought lazy I would rather starve on the street than have a man standing over me and judging me unfairly. Instead of Najaf just letting the situation pass, he argued back which resulted with an apology from his boss therefore resolving the situation. In 2011, an Australian student, 15 years of age named Casey Heynes spent the last 3 years of his life since 2011 being bullied by other kids at his school in Western Sydney. A 12 year old school boy named Ritchard Gale bullied Casey by calling him names such as fatty, telling him to go lose weight and then continuously punching casey and slapping the back of his head. This went on for number of days until Casey decided to show some self defence. Casey stood up to the bully, Ritchard who had been hitting him and took grab of him and threw him to the ground. Thats why I picked him up and dropped him cause I was scared, I just wanted to defuse the situation. From engaging with verbal, physical and emotional conflict Caseys response was able to resolve the issue. When Casey retaliated on the bully nobody had touched or teased him ever since. In conclusion, it is evident that conflict is an unavoidable part of being human.

Impact of Tourism Industry to the Environment Essay Example

Impact of Tourism Industry to the Environment Essay Introduction The touristry industry can present a menace to the environment. if alterations made to it are non sustainable and are irreversible. This paper is entitled Impact of the touristry Industry to the Environment: A Filipino Situation. The research workers want to discourse how the touristry industry can present a menace to the environment sing to the alterations made. whether it is non sustainable and irreversible. The research workers chose to make this paper in order to finish the major demand of Comski 2. Second. to use their cognition on what they’ve learned from the survey of research. Third. to use their acquisition on APA. Hopefully. this paper will function as mention usher for the approaching touristry pupils to develop their authorship accomplishments and love for reading. This research paper will assist the pupils to hold a better apprehension on how the touristry industry can present a menace to the environment when a non sustainable and irreversible alteration have ma de. Harmonizing to It’s More Fun in the Philippines web site. the Philippines is the 3rd largest English speech production state in the universe. It has a rich history uniting Asian. European. and American influences. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Tourism Industry to the Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Tourism Industry to the Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Tourism Industry to the Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Prior to Spanish colonisation in 1521. the Filipinos had a rich civilization and were merchandising with the Chinese and the Japanese. Spain’s colonisation brought about the building of Intramuros in 1571. a Walled City comprised of European edifices and churches. replicated in different parts of the archipelago. In 1898. after 350 old ages and 300 rebellions. the Filipinos. with leaders like Jose Rizal and Emilio Aguinaldo. succeeded in winning their independency. In 1898. the Philippines became the first and lone settlement of the United States. Following the Philippine-American War. the United States brought widespread instruction to the islands. Filipinos fought aboard Americans during World War II. peculiarly at the celebrated conflict of Bataan and Corregidor which delayed Nipponese progress and saved Australia. They so waged guerilla war against the Nipponese from 1941 to 1945. The Philippines regained its independency in 1946. Filipinos are a freedom-loving people. hol ding waged two peaceable. exsanguine revolutions against what were perceived as corrupt governments. The Philippines is a vivacious democracy. as evidenced by 12 English national newspapers. 7 national telecasting Stationss. 100s of overseas telegram Television Stationss. and 2. 000 wireless Stationss. Filipinos are a fun-loving people. Throughout the islands. there are fetes celebrated mundane and foreign invitees are ever welcome to their places. Harmonizing to Tourism Research and Statistics Division. visitant reachings in 2013 totaled to 4. 681. 307 exceling the old year’s record of 4. 272. 811 by 9. 56 % . This effort gives the touristry industry a new milepost as tourers continue to show sustained growing amidst challenges. During the twelvemonth. visitant count reached an all clip high of more than 400. 000 during the months of January. February. March. July and December. The highest growing rate. on the other manus. were recorded in February ( 15. 8 % ) . June ( 14. 0 % ) and August ( 13. 0 % ) . Koreans remain the biggest beginning market with 24. 9 % portion to numb er inward visitants for 1. 17 million reachings. This market continued to prolong growing at 13 % by year-end. The successful decision of air services understanding in this market has contributed to increase in flight frequences in cardinal international gateways. Chinese tourers have bounced back with year-end growing of 69. 9 % for a entire visitant reaching of 426. 352. This volume surpassed the revised mark for China of 260. 000 set at the beginning of the twelvemonth. The significant addition in Chinese visitants was first felt in May when reaching posted 107. 7 % growing. For the past eight months. growing was steady at more than 100 % to duplicate figure. Consequently. Chinese visitant portion to number inbound expanded from 5. 9 % in 2012 to 9. 1 % in 2013. Nipponese visitants continued to lift steadily with 433. 705 reachings for 5. 1 % growing. The execution of new plans and debut of new merchandises aiming new and niche markets have revitalized the growing in this market. Staying as the 3rd biggest beginning market. Japa n accounted for 9. 2 % portion to entire visitants. Australians and Singaporeans have already surpassed the Taiwanese as the 4th and 5th beginning of visitant reachings. These markets posted 11. 4 % and 18. 0 % . severally. These markets demonstrated slow but consistent enlargement from 7th and eight ranks during the twelvemonth. Visitors from the United States of America ( USA ) contributed the 2nd biggest reachings at 674. 564 for a portion of 14. 4 % . Other states that contributed well are Taiwan with 139. 099 reachings. Canada with 131. 381 reachings. Hongkong with 126. 008 reachings. and United Kingdom with 122. 759 reachings. Malaya with 109. 437 reachings and Germany with 70. 949 reachings. Furthermore. the following markets generated notable additions: Saudi Arabia ( +29. 7 % ) with 38. 969 reachings. Vietnam ( +27. 8 % ) with 26. 599 reachings. Russian Federation ( +25. 2 % ) with 35. 404 reachings. Indonesia ( +24. 5 % ) with 45. 582 reachings. United Arab Emirates ( +19. 5 % ) with 15. 155 reachings. Thailand ( +16. 8 % ) with 47. 874 reachings. France ( +15. 8 % ) with 39. 042 reachings and India ( +12. 5 % ) with 52. 206 reachings. By regional grouping. the East Asia part continued to lend the biggest reachings for portion of 49. 1 % with 2. 298. 597. The part posted a double-digit addition of 12. 73 % vis-a-vis its old year’s part of 2. 038. 987 reachings. The ASEAN part maintained its place as the 3rd largest subscriber of reachings by part. accounting for 9. 02 % of the overall traffic base. This part posted an addition of 12. 49 % . from its end product of 375. 190 in 2012. Entire grosss gained from inward visitants for the twelvemonth was estimated at US $ 4. 40 billion. equivalent to Php 186. 15 billion. up by 15. 1 % . The overall mean length of stay of visitants in 2013 remained at 9. 6 darks. Foreign visitants stayed for an norm of 9. 4 darks while Abroad Filipinos stayed an norm of 18. 8 darks. Average day-to-day outgo of inward tourers during the twelvemonth increased by 8. 7 % to US $ 101. 12 from the US $ 92. 99 recorded in 2012. Koreans showed biggest spent at US $ 140. 81 per twenty-four hours while visitants from the United States have the longest stay at 13. 4 darks. On the other manus. based on per capita disbursement of the Philippines’ top markets. visitants from Canada recorded the biggest spent at US $ 1. 393. 68. It was followed by visitants from Australia with a per capita outgo of US $ 1. 382. 48. Other high disbursement markets include: Germany with US $ 1. 360. 34. U. S. A. with US $ 1. 334. 34. United Kingdom with US $ 1. 306. 86 and Korea with US $ 874. 59. Statement of the Problem The survey shall concentrate on how touristry industry can present a menace to the environment. if alterations made to it are non sustainable and irreversible. This research paper will besides reply the undermentioned inquiries: 1. Make you believe that most of the alterations in our environment are caused by the development in our touristry industry? 2. What are the major alterations that happened in our country’s environment due to our ain touristry industry? 3. Make you believe that the policies made by the authorities to turn to environmental jobs which resulted from the touristry attempts are effectual? 4. Have the authorities made attempts to do our environment sustainable to provide to the demands of the bally touristry industry? 5. How does the state respond to the turning jobs we experience in footings of our environment and its impact to the touristry industry? Scope and Restrictions This survey shall merely concentrate on how touristry industry can present a menace to the environment. if alterations made are non sustainable or irreversible. However. this survey shall non concentrate on other facets that are non related to the subject to be discussed. Methodology The research workers chose the subject how the touristry industry can present a menace to the environment. if alterations are made to it non sustainable and irreversible. The research workers made a research interview with an expert in order to reply the research inquiries being made. The research instruments used were the primary mentions from the Learning Resource Centre in College Department composed chiefly of books and some cyberspace sites that gave information related to the subject. First. the information was gathered by naming the rubric and writer of the book. Second. the research workers browsed some articles and cyberspace sites that can assist them to reply some demands needed in order to finish their paper. The program used by the research workers in their informations analysis started from the pick of subject to be analyzed. preparation of thesis statement. lineation. statement of the job and first bill of exchange. Shoping some background and other related information helped the research workers in making note cards. The research workers. through their involvement on the chosen subject. were able to explicate a research job. and a twosome of research inquiries. The research workers gathered information led them to the decision. Presentation and Data Analysis To finish this survey. it is necessary to analyse the informations collected in order to reply the research inquiries. As already indicated in the preceding parts. informations are interpreted in a descriptive signifier. This portion comprises the presentation. analysis. and reading of the findings ensuing from this survey. Presentation of Datas This survey presented how does touristry industry can present a menace to the environment. if alterations are made are non sustainable and irreversible. The research inquiries formulated by the research worker will be answered utilizing the readings of the gathered informations. General Overview Harmonizing to Eturbonews web site. the Philippines have the entire land country of 30 million hectares ; where the 15. 8 million is composed of tropical woods. Spread throughout the 7. 107 islands of the archipelago. these are place to a recorded 556 species of birds. 180 mammals. and 293 of reptilians and amphibious vehicles. every bit good as a huge assortment of trees. workss and flowers. Scientists have confirmed that. in the sum. 67 per centum of the aforesaid zoology and vegetations are endemic in the Philippines. Every twelvemonth. moreover. more new species are being discovered in the Philippines than in any other state. But as the Philippines’ population continues to turn. so hold its woods shrunk. In 1934. when the population was a mere 15 million. 17 million hectares were under forest screen. By 1960. the population had doubled and woods were down to merely 10. 4 million hectares. Since so. due mostly to illegal logging and slash-and-burn agriculture and despite authorities and private sector attempts to control them. the one-year deforestation rate has been at 2 per centum. These gathered informations came from a research interview conducted by the research worker to an expert. The expert who has been interviewed was Ms. Joreen Rocamora a Domestic Tourism instructor. Changes Caused by the Tourism Industry Harmonizing to Ms. Rocamora. non all of the alterations in the environment are caused by the development of the touristry industry. For her. these alterations in the environment are largely coming from people. It is non merely coming from the touristry development but besides coming from greeds. apathy and haughtiness of the people. When they seek for more. when they would desire to acquire more from the environment whether it is coming from the industry of technology and fabrication. if one is seeking more from it so. decidedly our environment would alter negatively. Second apathy. when one is apathetic. he or she does non care about the lives of other people particularly on how they lived. Environmental consciousness will merely throw away all of those things and one can harm the environment if we do non believe other people particularly the future coevals. whether it is coming from the touristry industry. technology or fabrication or any other industry like agribusiness. it could besides harm the environment. It is non coming chiefly from the touristry industry ; that’s why there is eco-tourism. Eco-tourism is low impact touristry. there is no demand for us to develop the country. we merely necessitate to keep. sustain and preserved what we have in the community. There’s no demand for a batch of visitants to busy the said country. Tourism development. yes it is one of the ground if we do non minimise the negative impacts of development in our state. peculiarly in a certain finish. If we maximize all the positive impacts decidedly it will non harm the environment. For illustration when we have new hotels. if they use solar for their power. if they use organic stuffs. if they use biodegradable and even recycle H2O to cover the field and even the golf classs for irrigating the golf classs ; when you say touristry development you besides pertain to patterns and direction systems. For illustration. corporate societal duty wherein hotels their direction make out to the community to assist them and to clean up. to hold coastal killing. make tree planting. Travel bureaus. when we have travel bureaus. they besides have green motion plan wherein they lessen the usage of documents and they create bundles that would include tree seting activity. coastal killing. voluntary touristry. It means that even if we have to develop certain countries. we can still minimise negative impacts and be able to make out to the environment and to the community. We give back to the environment and to the community by supplying occupation chances. The interview merely states that most of the alterations made to the environment came non merely in touristry industry but besides in other industries whether it is sustainable or irreversible. Peoples can be considered as one of those who make alterations to the environment due to its apathy and haughtiness. They can besides be the one to do some necessary actions in order to continue the natural resources our state have. Major Changes Happened in the Country’s Environment from Tourism Industry Positively we have a batch of developments in our state in the environment like La Mesa Eco-park. the rehabilitation of the eco- park because of touristry industry. because of the local authorities unit and the committee on the Parkss they are able to make such plans that give support. chances and rehabilitate La Mesa Eco-park. Pasig River is besides being restored. We besides have several Restorations of Parkss wherein they offer bundles like a guided circuit with the usage of eco-friendly stuffs. When you say major alteration. I can state in the environment it is a major alteration that happened in our state it has rehabilitated and it has sustained our country’s premiere vanishing natural finishs. All in all. most of the alterations made to the environment came from touristry industry due to eco-tourism wherein people sustained. maintained and preserved the beauty of natural resources. Due to eco-tourism there are a batch of Parkss and H2O signifiers being rehabilitated. That’s why it can be considered as one of the major alterations made by the touristry industry to the country’s environment. Environmental Policies We have one. the latest is Bangon Pilipinas . and it is a plan coming from the Department of Tourism wherein the purpose is to assist the Samar and Leyte and even the Bohol who were affected by the recent typhoon Yolanda and the temblor. Most of the returns from the packaged Tourss are given to the community and to the people from Samar. Leyte and Bohol. Some illustrations of the environmental policies are no smoke in some countries. the usage of eco-bag. There are Torahs and environmental plans coming from the authorities like no to excavation. no to dynamite fishing and the no to killing of giants. now they are continuing this nonextant giant sharks and no to killing of Primatess like tarsier and other autochthonal animate beings. When we say environment were non merely speaking about workss. we have the vegetations and zoologies. ecosystem. Marine rich diverseness that’s portion of the environment. Harmonizing to Eturbonews web site. an article entitled The Philippine Environment and its Eco touristry Potential states some related subjects to environmental policies of the state. Thence. in melody with recent planetary waking up. aided by mainstream media coverage of environmental issues. and following new attacks and schemes toward salvaging the planet for descendants. Filipino authorities bureaus and the private sector have been working closely to concentrate broader attending on a beginning of great pride for the Filipino state. the country’s abundant wealth of endemic species and the hasty rate at which these species are diminishing and vanishing. Attempts Made by the Government Yes. Loren Legarda. one of our senators is one of the advocators for environmental plans. She is truly prosecuting this sort of attempts from the senate. We besides have Commissioner Nyem. he is the 1 who argues to the House of Representatives. he is besides the representative to the United Nations World Tourism Organization in the environment. He is the 1 who made run for environmental plans. Yes. they’re making attempts with respects to. particularly. non merely coming from the touristry development. as what I have said when we say development it means we are able to develop one country utilizing recycled stuffs. reclaimable. like E-jeepney. solar energy. so we can equilibrate the positive and negative effects. It doesn’t mean that when we develop a certain country the environment would be destructed. Not all alterations made in the environment can bring forth negative effects. In developing environment we have eco-tourism so it doesn’t demand to develop. because when it comes to eco-tourism it’s about prolonging the environment. When we say development it is excessively wide. we can give chance. Development is non merely about substructure. it is non merely amenities. it is non merely widening of tonss. When we say development we can besides supply employment other people which can assist them gain money and increase their criterion of life. Filipinos Respond to the Environmental Problems Our country’s ways to react to jobs are by agencies of policies. As what I’ve said. the environmental Torahs. the patterns that they are implementing. coordination should be present when the policies are executed ; those are the touristry planning and development in our state. Part of our strategic waies for national touristry development program is developing and prolonging the finishs we have. One of the ways our state is reacting to the jobs in the environment is by delegating zones called the T. E. Z which stands for Tourism Enterprise Zones. and are the lone 1s allowed for farther development. Other parts non included in the T. E. Z. are non allowable for development because they should merely prolong. preserve and keep it. The most of import thing is it should get down from us because we are one of those that contributed to the agony we endure from clime alteration and planetary heating. The ground behind the sudden alterations in our environment is that it can besides come from our ain action. We should non be dependent to our authorities in doing programs for the hereafter of our environment. We should hold the enterprise to make our portion even if it will be merely in little graduated table. As strategic waies of the DOT. he said there is a demand to develop and market competitory tourer merchandises and finishs ; better market entree connectivity and finish substructure ; and better touristry administration and human resources. He lamented that the DOT’s budget of $ 10 million ( P423 million ) for selling and publicities has non changed in the past five old ages. compared to neighbouring states such as Malaya with $ 80 million and Thailand with $ 75 million. With this. he said the DOT will inquire the Department of Budget for an extra P5 million in their budget. In a statement. Tourism Secretary Ramon Jimenez said that clime alteration will go an progressively polar issue impacting touristry development and direction. The planetary touristry industry has been marked by alterations as a consequence of the impacts of clime alteration on touristry finishs. tourist demand. and creative activity of policy and direction responses adopted by cardinal stakeholder groups with regard to version and extenuation. Jimenez said. Keep touristry industry a float. Commissioner Heherson Alvarez of the Climate Change Commission said that while touristry industry is a subscriber to climate alteration by bring forthing nursery gas emanations through trust on autos. coachs. particularly air travel. every bit good as high degrees of energy ingestion such as air-conditioning. warming and lighting. feasible and sustainable solutions need to be considered. We are populating on unsafe but disputing times. To control nursery gas emanations and trust on carbon-heavy energy. we must scale-up the usage of renewable energy beginnings such as biomass. solar. micro-hydro and air current as they are abundant and ecologically sound alternate to fossil fuels. Alvarez said. adding that the extremely populated Philippines is vulnerable because of its comparatively low capacity to accommodate to the clime crisis. Alvarez farther said that touristry has a immense potency to relieve poorness and spur economic growing so it is pressing that the industry makes it sustainable and disaster-resilient. DOT’s plans are greatly threatened by clime alteration. We need to maintain the touristry industry afloat as it is a affair of national endurance. Alvarez stressed. Legazpi Mayor Geraldine Rosal. on the other manus. said that with the recent catastrophe that hit Metro Manila and assorted parts of the state. there is a demand for get bying mechanism to be able to accommodate to climate alteration and black effects. We need to advance now more than of all time the bottom-up attack or the acquisition by making attack to turn to the pressure jobs facing us now non merely in the eco-cultural touristry sector but in all perpendicular and transverse sectors of society. Rosal said. The non-government organisation Local Climate Change Adaptation for Development ( LCCAD ) headed by its President and Chairman Nong Rangasa said that the 1st touristry and clime alteration conference attended by local functionaries. concern sector and touristry officers aims to heighten the degree of apprehension of those with the touristry industry on how climate variableness and extremes could impact development. This conference was designed to showcase. demonstrate and interpret effectual and efficient execution of science-based analysis for clime alteration version and catastrophe hazard decrease steps. Rangasa said. Recommendations For the betterment of the survey. the research workers would wish to urge the followers: 1. This researched paper is suggested to the hereafter research workers to give them more penetrations about the subject. 2. It is besides advised that more resource stuffs be used to broaden the survey. 3. Choose a subject that they can easy understand and they must besides hold involvement in it. 4. Give commendation on every resource used to avoid plagiarism. 5. Follow the stairss in doing a research paper. 6. Last. it is recommended to develop the survey in a longer period of clip in order to get more information about the subject.

Coral Divers Case Study Essay Example

Coral Divers Case Study Essay Example Coral Divers Case Study Paper Coral Divers Case Study Paper After investigating Coral Divers diligently, I am delighted to be hired as a consultant to evaluate Coral Divers strategic situation. Based on my findings, I believe Coral Divers is in a decreasing state of financials and diminishing competitive position. Their net income is negative and increasing in 2005 through 2007. In addition, there is a lack of differentiators at Coral Divers, hindering them from their competition. The issue at hand is whether Coral Divers should take on a potential growth strategy, which consists of adding a family vacation portion to their resort, and an adventure diving aspect. This would enable them to cater to a greater variety of people and allow increased competition. Exhibit 1. 1 Supplier Power * Minimal * Integrating vertically not likely * Service based Degree of Rivalry * High Competitive industry = Low returns because the cost of competition is high * Tough economy = bad * Buyer Power * High * Amenities and service important * Low cost in comparing resorts Threat Of Substitutes * Vacations elsewhere doing other activities is likely Threat Of New Entrants * High * Easy to open resort To analyze the industry I will start with a 5-forces analysis on the Scuba Diving Resort industry, shown in exhibit 1. 1. Based on the Five Forces Analysis, we can determine that the scuba diver resort industry exists in an intensely competitive market. It is a growing market in popularity over the years and is continuing to grow. Most divers range in age from 10 to 39. 80% of divers are educated and have families. Diving Resorts earn revenue from individual divers, family divers, accommodation and amenities, as well as types of vacations and dives offered. In this case, accommodation, amenities, and quality diving excursions is means in combating threat of new entrants, and the degree of rivalry. Keeping a close eye on costs for vacationers in the resort is also essential. Because of the threat of substitutes and new entrants it is essential to keep costs low for potential customers. It is important Coral Divers keeps monitoring prices, such as keeping amenities to a minimum, not under booking dives, and keeping on-time flight operations. Major elements in Coral Divers current competitive strategy include: * Small, non – crowded tourist resort Well regarded * Safe and knowledgeable scuba diving resort * Beachfront location While Coral Divers is still running 90% capacity during the high season, this strategy is not very apparent, as Coral Divers simply operates basic business functions to stay afloat. Strategy Coral Divers could work on include: * Focus on Family Vacations utilizing Rascals in Paradise * Emphasizing in family di ves and resort activities * Adventure Diving * Shark Dives * Reef Dives * Wall Dives * Wreck Dives * Both Adventure and Family Vacations Neither Adventure or Family Vacations, continuing current strategy Also view Coral Divers’ business strategy diamond in exhibit 1. 2. Arenas * Bahamas * Vacations Vehicles * Rascals in Paradise * Adventure Diving Exhibit 1. 2 Economic Logic * Cost control * Growing Margins Staging * Focused on diving resort, moving slowly to family and/or adventure Differentiators * Small * Non-Crowded * Beachfront * Safe Knowledgeable Exhibit 1. 3 We can determine whether Coral Divers current situation is positive or negative by viewing a SWOT Analysis shown in exhibit 1. . Based on the SWOT analysis, Coral Divers has a fairly attractive position, as it has some strength. However, weaknesses and opportunities available provide a great deal of potential for Coral Divers to gain market share. In this case, many of the weaknesses are the opportunities availab le, and with success in opportunities combat threats. Coral Divers performance to date is steady. Based on balance sheets provided, Coral Divers assets are slowly declining, and liabilities are increasing. This is assumingly due to inflation in the market and no increased market share. Coral Divers revenues are also declining since 2005, I believe due to increasingly competitive markets and no strong differentiators. After analyzing the company, it is clear that Coral Divers needs to use opportunities and strengthen their differentiators. However, it is essential to analyze costs involved with new opportunities compared to potential revenues. The alternatives for Coral Divers includes: Alternative| Cost| Revenue Potential| Family Vacations / Rascals in Paradise| * $40,000 in renovations on rooms * Children’s play structure = $15,000 * Babysitter = $7/hr @ 5 hrs/week = ~$2000/yr| * Return client base * 90% annually * Higher prices for families * ~$1600 per family vacation * 90% rooms booked per week @ $3500 per special family week= $18,900/week = $982,800/yr| Adventure Diving| * $10 per dive = shark dive * Employee discouraged * $15,000 Chain mail suit| * Extra $50 per dive per person| Both| * Large upfront cost| * Good long term investment| Neither| * Differentiators in market| * None * Current operations| Exhibit 1. 4 As a consultant to help assess Coral Divers strategy, I recommend that Coral Divers add the family vacation element to their business and utilize Rascals in Paradise. By adding the Rascals Paradise, Coral Divers will be able to service families more efficiently and easily. In addition, Coral Divers should add adventure diving once family vacations is established. This will create more buzz, activity, and reason for families to stay at Coral Divers. I recommend this due to the lack of success Coral Divers has had in the past. Since they have established themselves, people will be able to trust and want to use Coral Divers for family vacations and know there is knowledge for adventure diving. We can create a new market for family vacations and adventure diving by looking at exhibit 1. 4. Creating New Markets Reduce * High costs * Inconveniences Create/Add * Adventure Diving * Family Vacation friendly Raise * Low cost * Good Service * Convenience for customers and families * More activity enjoyment * Eliminate Distasteful service * Average resort The plan of action I would suggest Coral Divers to take is to first implement Rascals in Paradise’s consulting service and bookings program. Coral Divers should take on packaged and prepaid vacations to provide convenience to customers. In addition, with Rascals experience, Coral Divers can utilize the specialty service and return client base. Higher revenues for the resort because of prepayment and packaged vacations are essential to the success. After about a half year to a year of implementing family vacations would suggest Coral Divers to take a look at how family vacationing impacted their revenue. Based on this result, I would suggest starting to implement adventure diving. I would start with one type of adventure per month. Perhaps offer only certain adventures at certain times until each excursion is mastered with no flaws. After each excursion is tested and analyzed, determine which adventures make the most money and offer them more often. Incorporate adventure diving into family packages.

Discussion respond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion respond - Essay Example The writer states that the HRD is supposed to realize that the policies are outlined should be successful. They are also supposed to question the evidence and reasoning that supports such solutions. However, the writer emphasizes that HRD is expensive for any organization and in most cases; the return on investment aspect is not immediately discernible. It is the job of the executives to change the perspective with an aim of ensuring that individual focus on the reliability of the implemented programs. The writer discusses an article from the Adult Education Quarterly titled, The Impact of National Culture on Informal Learning in the Workplace. The author discusses diversity in cultures and the effects of informal learning in workplaces. Informal learning is an important manner of acquiring knowledge and skills in a workplace. The author differentiates informal learning as a on-the-job training while formal is learning in an enclosed area such as a classroom. From the article, formal learning is important although informal learning has captured the attention of many people in a work place. This is based on culture diversity and its effect on an individual’s culture. Organizations view culture diversity differently and it has an impact on adult

HUMAN DISEASE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HUMAN DISEASE - Essay Example However, recent studies suggest that enteroviruses, specifically Coxsackie B enteroviruses (CVB) and an enteroviral capsid protein, vp1, may be contributing to the onset of Type 1 diabetes. Following up on the said studies, Richardson et al. (2) collected 72 pancreatic autopsy tissues from patients with recent-onset Type 1 diabetes mellitus along with 161 controls. These samples were immunostained for insulin, glucagon, vp1, double-stranded RNA activated protein kinase R (PKR) and MHC class 1. VP1staining was restricted to insulin-containing beta cells (Ibid 1). The results of the experiment showed the presence of vp1-immunopositive cells in multiple islets, 44 out of 72, from young, recent-onset, Type 1 diabetic patients, compared with just three islets out of 50 specimens from neonatal and paediatric normal controls. Dako antiserum in vp1 immunostaining was used because of its specificity in labeling vp1 immunopositive cells, especially when it comes to Islet of Langerhans cells. A nother consideration was that polyclonal antisera raised against enteroviruses often cross-react with tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2) and heat shock protein (hsp-60). However, the study results show that cross-reaction does not occur with Dako antiserum as IA-2 is present in both alpha cells and beta cells. As well, the results showed no minimal alpha cells were stained. PKR immunostaining was also done since PKR is a protein upregulated in response to enteroviral infections like CVB4. A strong correlation was found between PKR and vp1 immunopositivity which supports the findings that Dako antiserum is indicative of a persistent enteroviral infection. Two other antisera were used but the results using these were not conclusive. Results of the experiment have also linked vp1 infection to type 2 diabetes even if there is no autoimmunity. Since PKR production is a response of the infected endocrine cells to the disease, the outcome may be decreased insulin secretion. Reckoning with obesity as a predisposing factor, one may then expect adult-onset, Type 2 diabetes as a result. The paper presented a major diagnostic breakthrough that contrasted sharply with the longstanding notion about genetic predisposition being virtually the only explanation for the onset of Type 1 diabetes. The study revolutionizes the way diabetes will henceforth treated and preventive measures can now be taken. A development of a vaccine for enteroviral infections can lead to a reduction of juvenile diabetes cases worldwide. A breakthrough like this may well be worthy of a Nobel prize. Works Cited International Diabetes Foundation. â€Å"What is Diabetes† 13 June 2010. International Diabetes Foundation. 2 May 2011 Richardson, S. J. et al. â€Å"The Prevalence of Enteroviral Capsid Protein vp1 Immunostaining in Pancreatic Islets in Human Type 1 Diabetes.†

The Street | A Rose for Emily | A Story of an Hour | Themes

The Street | A Rose for Emily | A Story of an Hour | Themes The process of evaluating and interpreting literature is to understand what type of philosophy it presents and to compare our own values with the text. Since literature enlightens and entertains, the text draws readers into its artistic worlds. In addition, certain factors in literature affect the readers assumption about the reading, such as character, setting, or theme. This paper will address a theme comparison between one poem and two short stories. Evaluations and interpretations are essential tools, which are constructive aspects in the literary connection process. More importantly, these viewpoints help us to think critically about the text details and dialect (DiYanni, 2007 p. 7). According to Octavio Pazs The Street, William Faulkners A Rose for Emily, and Kate Chopins A Story of an Hour, isolation was the common theme within their stories. Moreover, these literary works consist of feelings of lonesomeness in the major characters within their text. For example, the theme for these three literary works depicts lonely thoughts and isolated settings. The following characterizations are based on comparing literary works: observing and interpreting. Although there are themes that are mutual in various literary works, what type of connection and distinction do they share? The Street, A Rose for Emily, A Story of an Hour Similarities Observing and comparing literature is to explore the similarities of the stories. For instance, the poem The Street has a similar thematic idea of loneliness, to the following two short stories, A Rose for Emily and A Story for an Hour. In The Street, the poet describes a feeling of a mans journey down a dark street. The passage, Everything dark and doorless, only my steps aware of me (DiYanni, 2007), illustrates that the atmosphere was gloomy and lack privacy. Since it is not clear why this character was alone in the street, some thoughts/questions did come to mind, such as was this person homeless, was this person mentally challenged or did this person just in need of alone time? Moreover, an illustrative phrase in this poem somewhat describes the characters frame of mind. For instance, if I run, he runs, I turn: nobody, (DiYanni, 2007). A general assumption of this wording would be; was someone actually following him or was it only his shadow? In general, this characters role in T he Street encountered an emotive stroll down a long and still street, which appears to be an illustration of a solitude tone. Similar to the solitude theme of The Street, the concept of loneliness and isolation are revealed in the short story, A Rose for Emily as an expressive description of Emilys life after death of her father and lover. The writer expresses how Emilys attitude transformed, physically and emotionally. Emily, the major character, experienced isolation after the death of her father. For instance, the authors language suggested that after her fathers death, Emily did not care to interact with other people in the community and decided to live in her only little world. DiYanni (2007) state that After her fathers death she went out very littleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦people hardly saw her at all (p. 80). According to this phrase, isolation was Emilys innermost mind-set, which was her way of coping calamity. In comparison with character in The Street, the thought of mentally challenge or insane came to mind when Emily wanted to buy a toxic item from the pharmacist. Since Emily never mentioned why she need ed the poison, and since Emily remained indoors often after her fathers death, her actions did trigger a curious question-what was Emily planning to do with such a deadly element. Ideally, living a lonely and isolated life could cause an emotional way of thinking. Another story that shares the solitude theme as in the short poem The Street is A Story of an Hour. The writer tells a story about a woman who isolated herself after hearing the news that her husband has died in a train accident. Ms. Mallard, the main character, expressed her emotions after the news of her husbands death. Hence, Ms. Mallards reaction to the report caused a feeling of isolation-similar to The Street and A Rose for Emily character, a solitary event. After Ms. Mallard breaks down and cries, she goes to her room to be alone. DiYanni (2007) notes that When [her weeping was over,] she went away to her room alone. She would not have no one follow her (p.38). The Street, A Rose for Emily, A Story of an Hour Differences As for another method for comparing these three literary works is to detect their theme differences. A noticeable distinction that did stand out among all three literary works, were the characters gender. The major characters in A Rose for Emily and A Story of an Hour are women; however, the major/solo character in The Street was a male. Although the author of The Street made no clear reference of the name of the main character that was walking in the street alone, the writers of A Rose for Emily and The story of an Hour, Emily and Mrs. Mallard were the names of main characters who shared a period of aloneness and sadness within their life. Furthermore, the ending of these literary works are different as well. The character in The Street remains in the street alone with no suggestion of a specific destination. As (DiYanni, 2007) points out, Poems stimulate our imaginations (p. 6). Therefore, the author- leading the outcome as a cliffhanger, implies guessing what happens next. Unlike the characters in A Rose for Emily and The Story of an Hour, their destination ends in death. Conclusion In summary, since the common theme in The Street, A Rose for Emily, and The Story for an Hour involves a feeling of aloneness as with the framework, the concept of being alone could be described in different ways. In other words, in comparing these themes, the isolated reactions of these characters derive from specific issues, such as sickness or death. Moreover, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to characterize the relationship of [literary works,]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the cause leading to effect [and] external event triggering [the] internal response ((DiYanni, 2007, p. 7), should determine their similarities and differences. On a final note, the most interesting idea among the three preceding literary works was how the author expressed the characters emotions through their thoughts and actions. In other words, the writers intention is to emphasize what the event would say, which would eventually reveal his or her goal-the theme of the story. Similarities  · Is similar to  · Both  · Also  · Too  · As well  · Like Differences  · On the other hand  · However  · But  · Although  · Unlike  · While Cue Words Cue words and other tips To help your reader keep track of where you are in the comparison/contrast, youll want to be sure that your transitions and topic sentences are especially strong. Your thesis should already have given the reader an idea of the points youll be making and the organization youll be using, but you can help her/him out with some extra cues. The following words may be helpful to you in signaling your intentions: like, similar to, also, unlike, similarly, in the same way, likewise, again, compared to, in contrast, in like manner, contrasted with, on the contrary, however, although, yet, even though, still, but, nevertheless, conversely, at the same time, regardless, despite, while, on the one hand à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ on the other hand. For example, you might have a topic sentence like one of these: Compared to Peppers, Amante is quiet. Like Amante, Peppers offers fresh garlic as a topping. Despite their different locations (downtown Chapel Hill and downtown Carrboro), Peppers and Amante are both fairly easy to get to. Like in any essay, finish your essay by summarizing the points you made in the body. Ex: Although each is a commercially grown tree fruit, growing temperatures and differences in processing apples and oranges clearly makes a distinction between the two fruits. Appropriate use of transitions and cue words help make your essay conclusion easy to summarize. Writing a contrast and compare and essay is as easy as comparing apples and oranges!

Analysis - Second to Last Paragraph in Flannery O’Connor’s A Late Encou

An Analysis of the Second to Last Paragraph in Flannery O’Connor’s A Late Encounter with the Enemy This essay analyzes the first full paragraph on page143 (the second to last paragraph in the story) that begins with â€Å"The speaker was through with that war†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This passage appears to be what is going through ‘General’ Sash’s head right before he dies. The passage begins by saying â€Å"The speaker was through with that war and had gone onto the next one and now he was approaching another†. The general goes on to state that all his words are vaguely familiar. This is because he has lived through all of these wars and as the speaker mentions them they all go by in the General’s mind as blurred events of the past. The General calls the graduates passing by in their robes a â€Å"black processional†; th...

Alcohol addiction in families is the main cause of family breakups

Alcohol has in the recent past become one of the major leading drug killers in most past of the world.   Alcohol addiction refers to cases where a person feels a compulsive need to take alcohol to help his or her body system to perform its normal tasks.A person is said to be addicted to alcohol when he or she cannot contain or limit alcohol drinking and any such attempts leads to withdrawal symptoms such as shakiness, anxiety and nausea.In the past, only â€Å"hard† drugs like cocaine, mandrax and heroine were thought to be hazardous to the health of an individual. However in the recent past, tobacco, caffeine and alcohol have also been categorized as drugs. These are usually used by many individuals around the world thus meaning that most of the people in the world are exposed to drugs regularly.However, these drugs are used in moderation by a majority of these people thus reducing any forms of negative effects which arises from drug abuse. Alcohol is very addictive and a m ajor cause of different health hazards to an individual. Alcohol addiction has also been attributed as a leading cause of family breakups and divorce especially in the western countries. Family addiction to alcohol especially by the parents has dire consequences on marriage as well as the children (Dunlap, para 4).Hypothesis: Alcohol addiction in families is the main cause of family breakups, divorce and poor academic performance of children as well as drug abuse by young adults and also a leading killer in the United States as well as other parts of the world.Alcohol addiction in families and its effectsIn America for example, alcohol has been ranked the third cause of deaths with more than 100,000 people dying from alcohol related complications. It also costs the region about $ 150 billion annually which is lost through treatment of alcohol related complications, lost productivity, accidents and crime. It has also been the leading cause of the rising divorce cases in America as we ll as domestic violence.It is estimated that more than 14 million Americans struggle with drinking problem with about 8 million of these people being addicted to alcohol. While in the past alcohol was only being taken by men, this trend have changed with more women are becoming alcoholics. Alcohol is one of the most addictive drugs which have the potential of producing long term effects which could be devastating and terminal (Goodwin, pp 56).  In the recent past, the rate of alcohol related cases of divorce have increased in most parts of the world. However, since most of the addicts of alcohol start out as responsible drinkers, it has been hard to know when a person begins to be addicted to alcohol until it is sometimes too late. Alcohol addiction has been of rate among the top ten causes of divorce alongside infidelity and domestic violence.Alcoholism and alcohol addiction is one of the most cited reasons while filing for divorce cases in the United States as well as other coun tries around the world. Spouses who have lived long enough with alcohol addicts find it hard to continue supporting them especially due to the addictive nature of alcohol and the subsequent withdrawal symptoms which follow in attempts to stop alcohol consumption (Brian, para 4).Another effect of family alcohol addiction is that it leads to loss of livelihood of the addicted individual which usually leads to adverse effects on the family especially if the addicted person is the breadwinner. Usually, people who become addicted to alcohol find it difficult to live without it and in turn end up drinking even when working.Alcohol has been known to be a brain damager and excess consumption of the same lowers productivity of an individual hence job loss. Most of the parents who become addicted to alcohol end up losing their jobs which is devastating to the family and more so the children who lack basic necessities. Even after job loss, an addicted person continues to drink for the simple r eason that he or she cannot live without alcohol which only adds to the misery and disintegration of families.Also, the frustration and shame which comes with being unable to support a family drives a person to chronic consumption of alcohol which may lead to health complications or even at times death. This has far reaching psychological effects to the dependants of such a person. Also, a person who is addicted to alcohol becomes dependent on other family members thus increasing the family burden (Cleveland Clinic, para 2-3).Children who are reared by alcohol addicted parents are also not spared as they tend to engage in drug abuse or criminal activities to fill the void of their parents or guardians. Researches have revealed that most of the children in the rehabilitation centers have had a parent who engaged in and was addicted to alcohol.This is especially the case when both of the parents are addicted to alcohol. In such situations, children only find consolation in drug abuse as the parents are unavailable for them. With an attempt to escape the reality, children may also turn to alcohol or even other hard drugs like cocaine or heroine. The lives of such children end up being ruined just because of their parents’ addiction to alcoholism (Brian, para 6).Family addiction to alcohol is also a major contribution toward academic failure of many children. Alcohol addiction mostly of parents and other close family members affects the psychological development of an individual as well as the concentration capability.Alcohol addicts at times tend to be violent and unruly towards their family members including the children. This is in turn reflected in the academic performance of such children which is usually below the standard. Also, the social life of the children is negatively impacted by alcohol addiction in families.Children who hail from families with some members who are addicted to alcohol tend to be anti social and uncooperative. Psychologist argu e that this scenario is caused by the shame and frustration such children are put through by their alcohol addicted parents or siblings. They thus fear to associate as they feel that the other people may disown them or even discriminate them (Segal, Gerdes & Steiner, pp 235).Family alcohol addiction has been identified as a leading factor to domestic violence and other domestic related crimes like murder. Due to anger and frustration that most alcohol addicts go through especially after a divorce or loss of job, they tend to be aggressive and violent towards the other family members as a means of vetting out their frustrations. Most alcohol addicts also tend to live in denial and they blame their partners or at times the children for their failures.Most alcohol addicts also blame the family members as being the cause of their drinking habits. As they vet out their anger, they tend to be violent and may even commit murder leading to their subsequent incarceration. This leads to doubl e tragedy especially where parents either both or one are victims of alcohol addiction. Alcohol addiction is very costly to the family members as well as friends.In a recent study which was carried out in the United States, it showed that one child out to four children and this is approximately 28.6% is exposed to family alcohol dependence or alcohol abuse. There are many documented cases which correlate alcohol addiction and interpersonal violence (Adams, para 4).

Sexual Health Youth - Health Dissertations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 33 Words: 9751 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Sexual Health Ill Factors that contribute to the poor sexual health of Britain’s youth Introduction Problems with sexual health affect all sections of society including all age groups. Sexual ill health disproportionately affects vulnerable groups such as young people between the ages of 16 and 25, ethnic minority groups and those affected by poverty and social exclusion. (World Health Organization, 2004) Sexual health refers to the issues which impact on sexual function and reproduction. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sexual Health Youth Health Dissertations" essay for you Create order Such issues include a physical, mental and emotional factors which may have a varying amount of impact on the individual, leading to disorders affecting physical, mental or emotional wellbeing. (Dehne Riedner, 2005; World Health Organization, 2004) Sexual ill-health may thus be defined as the consequence of such issues in terms of their effect(s) on the wellbeing of an individual. Serious complications with sexual health particularly affect women and gay men and there are disproportionate geographical inequalities in the rate and degree of sexual ill health and inequalities in sexual health service provision in the UK. For example, the results of a study focusing on syphilis reported that there have been increasingly high rates of disease transmission over the last five years in Britain, as well as in several parts of Western Europe. The report also stated that the most alarmingly high rates of syphilis prevalence have been seen in the wealthiest cities of England such as London. (NHS, 2008) According to the Independent Advisory Group on Sexual Health and HIV, (2007) there are serious inequalities in sexual health service provision in the UK and the groups most likely to suffer because of this are identified as young people who are considering becoming sexually active, men who have sex with men and black and minority communities. The possible reasons for such inequalities are discussed further in detail, along with the importance of these issues being reprimanded and their effects reduced. The major causes of morbidity and mortality among young people are road traffic accidents, suicide, drug use (including cigarettes, cigars and alcohol) and sexual and reproductive ill health. (World Health Organization, 2004) The consequences of poor sexual health have important implications for all individuals as well as society as a whole. Unwanted pregnancies may have a long lasting impact on quality of both the mother’s and the child’s life. Since the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo in 1994, recognition of young people’s specific sexual and reproductive health needs has gradually increased. Attempts to date to promote the sexual health of young people have tended to focus on prevention, education and counseling for those who are not yet sexually active, while the provision of health services to those who have already engaged in unprotected sexual activity and faced the consequences, including pregnancy, STIs or sexual violence has lagged behind. (Dehne Riedner, 2005) The identification of this matter has lead to a shift in focus on sexual health and motivation towards the promotion of services available to people in the UK. In 2004, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched an activity to promote sexual health and a positive view of sexuality for young women and men as issues to be addressed separately from the wider subject of reproductive health. In the past, but particularly si nce the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, sexual health was defined as an incorporation of the subject of reproductive health. The launch of this activity was the direct result of the emergence of the pandemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, increasing rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and an increasing awareness of the importance of gender-related violence and sexual dysfunction concerns. Such changes in sexual health have emphasized the need for more explicit focus on issues related to sexuality and the direct implications for general health and wellbeing. (World Health Organization, 2004) Despite efforts made to strategize improvements to sexual health policies in recent years, data shows that numbers of STIs in Britain continue to grow at a problematic rate and cost the National Health Service dearly in prevention and treatment methods. Statistics regarding sexual health in Wales published in Better Health – Bet ter Wales in 1998 (Welsh Office, 1998a) highlighted trepidation regarding the high rates of teenage pregnancies and STIs in the region. In response to these concerns, the Welsh Assembly’s publication Better Health – Better Wales Strategic Framework (Welsh Office, 1998b) included a commitment to the people for the betterment of sexual health and to take account of and successfully deal with the inequalities surrounding sexual health concerns. Strategies were also directed towards the improvement of emotional support for those involved in sexual relationships, as well as support for the education of sex in schools. In addition to the responsibility assumed by England and Wales to try to tackle sexual health concerns, Scotland also released a response to growing rates of abortions, unwanted pregnancies and ill health in the form of a Sexual Health and Relationships Strategy, (Scottish Executive, 2005) which aimed to challenge the government for better services by promo ting a strategy based firmly on â€Å"self-respect, respect for others and strong relationships† (Scottish Executive, 2005). In short, action was directed towards the avoidance of contracting and spreading sexually transmitted infections and towards the avoidance of unwanted pregnancies by promoting the individual’s responsibility for themselves and others through specific educative measures. Despite the efforts made by the three governing bodies in the UK to act on sexual health concerns, there is evidence indicating that some years on, we are still seeing problematic levels of unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections in young people and a systematic review of the literature seems to suggest limited knowledge of sexual health associated with young people. (Wellings et al., 2002; NHS 2007) A thorough study of the literature concerning sexual health in young people reveals that there are four main areas of consideration for this matter. These inclu de the level of knowledge of sexual health to young people, consequences of sexual ill health, factors influencing the use and non-use of condoms and intervention(s) for the promotion of condom use. We therefore now take a closer look at the condition of sexual health in young people in the UK in detail to identify the specific areas where intervention can promote better sexual health in order to reduce the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in this group of people and we also give further consideration to the consequences of STIs and the factors affecting the use of condoms. According to a study performed in 2001, when compared with several countries, Britain has a relatively low rate of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, which reflects the historical investment in establishing the Genito-urinary Medicine (GUM) clinic. However, data from 2001 showed evidence that there is heterogeneity in the population distribution of STIs which are diagnosed, and the wid e distribution of undiagnosed Chlamydia showed that the strategy adopted in Britain in response to the International Conference on Population and Development in 1994 failed to relieve the problem of ill sexual health by 2001. (Fenton et al., 2001) Looking a little later on to over a decade since the international conference, we learn that the number of newly diagnosed sexually transmitted infections continued to rise in 2006 indicating that sexual health still required careful attention at this time. Furthermore, the same study showing that sexually transmitted infections were still on the rise in 2006 also gave overwhelming evidence that the highest rate of STI diagnoses continued to be among young people between the age of 16 and 24 years and that genital herpes in particular sharply rose by 16% from 2005 to 2006 in teenage women. (Hughes et al., 2006) There is much further evidence in the literature to show that young people are most at risk from sexual health problems includi ng notable statistics which show that Chlamydia affects one in ten sexually active young women and each year, numbers of cases rise by 9%. (Department of Health, 2003) There is thus, some significant evidence showing that sexual health in the UK continues to decline and any efforts being made to prevent such an increase in rate of infection are clearly neither sufficient nor effective. This effect on young women has changed little since 2003 and remains a cause for concern at the present time. (Department of Health, 2003; IAG, 2006/2007) Recognition of the problematic numbers of affected young people, particularly women lead to the implementation of a strategy designed to tackle  ways  of  reducing  teenage pregnancy  and  improving  sexual  health  among vulnerable  groups of young  people. This strategy ended in December 2006, yet there still remains concern regarding the health of young sexually active people supported by statistics documenting the behavi our of young people today. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among adolescents in particular, are of great concern to all those who work to improve the health status of human populations. Sexually transmitted infections are widely associated with stigmatization, denial and embarrassment among patients and health workers. Sexuality and associated health risks are still a major taboo in many societies and this may be especially true for young people between the ages of 16 and 25 years. While the young person’s rights and needs may be acknowledged in theory, the story is very different in practice and they are still confronted with many barriers when it comes to obtaining the practical support they need to avoid health concerns. According to Dehne and Riedner (2005) an indication of their â€Å"unmet needs† is the worldwide scarcity of services available for young people, in particular, services related to the treatment of sexually transmitted infections. (Dehne Rie dner, 2005) Significant data has shown that almost 30% of young men and nearly 26% of young women report having sexual intercourse before the age of 16 and by the age of 20, the majority of young people have had sex. (Brook, 2001) The high number of young people having sex at an early age means that this group has a high risk of transmitting sexually transmitted infections and indeed of becoming unintentionally pregnant. Evidence supporting this is found in a study by Marston and King (2006), who found that nearly 50% of new HIV infections worldwide are found in young people between the age of 15 and 24 years. Further evidence suggests that this figure is nearer 60%. (Dehne Riedner, 2001) Thus there is some significant room for attention towards this group to change sexual behaviour to deal with a pandemic such as this. (Marston King, 2006) The high risk of STI transmission, as well as the increased chance of encountering other sexual health problems in young people has led to the motivation for this study and we are persuaded that there are inextricable forces acting on young people, which are causing them to suffer unnecessarily. We offer a thorough investigation into the causes of various sexually transmitted infections and ill-health epidemics in the UK in the hope of identifying the main voids in bureaucratic procedure towards the paradox of sexual health in young people. Research on sexual health in young people seems to suggest that knowledge of the causes and consequences of sexually transmitted infections as well as the consequences of sex in general to young people maybe limited (Wellings et al., 2001; NHS, 2007) and it is likely that this lack of knowledge is a large contributing factor in the high prevalence of STIs in young people in the UK. The fact that ‘young’ signifies only very few years of experience as a sexually mature adult is also, albeit an obvious one, a reason for the high parameters of sexual health problems i n this group of people and another why they might have unsafe sex. Although sexual education begins at a young age (usually 11 years old and lasts until 16 years), a report by Lester Coleman (2007) on the preferences towards sexual education by a multi-cultural group of individuals revealed that despite the different religions of children in schools in Britain today, there are a number of similarities across practising religious groups which include the preference for more information regarding STIs and how to increase sex satisfaction. Thus, there is evidence to suggest that there is at least some room here for improvement in the educational methods used for the prevention of sexual health problems through knowledge acquirement. (Coleman, 2007) Furthermore, according to Jackson and Plant (1997), despite the improvement in the knowledge of sexual health matters to young people shown in the early 1990s, young people lack knowledge about how to use sexual health services provided a nd they are also unsure about the issue confidentiality to their parents and general practitioners if they were to attend a surgery or family planning clinic for advice and/or treatment. This revealing might help to explain not only the high numbers of STIs and unwanted pregnancies in young people, but also the lack of knowledge young people have of matters relating to sexual health. Also, the failure of most young people to recall the anonymity of sexual health services, as found by Jackson and Plant (1997), clearly shows the lack of communication between educators and students over these matters, or perhaps more accurately, the failures of sexual health educators to effectively inform young people of all of the important elements relating to advice and treatment of sexual health problems. If proper communication was involved between informer and ‘informee’ and feedback was necessitated, it should have been obvious that anonymity would be a major concern to young pe ople requiring treatment or advise, especially those who are below the legal age to be having sex, or indeed those with cultural backgrounds who do not allow sexual activity at their current age. Campaigns over the recent years targeting young people have encouraged safe sex through promoting condom use and the avoidance of penetration. Efforts have included dispensing free condoms and providing information through schools. However, even in instances where condoms have been widely available and education of sexual health problems has been great, such campaigns have not been desirably successful. It has been demonstrated that there are powerful cultural and social forces in play, which appear to strongly influence sexual behaviour. This discovery might help to explain why free dispensation of condoms is not working as well as expected to reduce rates of sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies. It might also help to explain why some of the HIV programmes have also not been effective. (Coleman, 2007) Consequences of sexual ill health The physical symptoms of sexually transmitted infections are varied but there are a few generalizations which include itching, redness and soreness around male and female genital parts. The most common STI to date is Chlamydia, which is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. In women the infection often presents no symptoms which makes diagnosis without examination difficult in many cases and there may also be non-specific symptoms such as cystitis, an altered vaginal discharge or abdominal pain. If left untreated, the female reproductive organs can be irreparably damaged and can cause sterility. (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007) Men may experience pain whilst urinating, develop a discharge from their penis and have inflammation of the urethra or testes. (NHS, 2007) Other sexually transmitted diseases which are common effects of unprotected sex and which have various physical symptoms leading to damage of the reproductive tract if left untreated are: geni tal warts; genital herpes; gonorrhoea; syphilis; HIV; trichomoniasis; pubic lice; scabies; thrush; and non-specific urethritis. Emotionally, the occurrence of an STI can cause problems for the patient related to a feeling of shame and of being ‘dirty’, especially in the event that a patient must make contact with previous partners to inform them of their infection. (NHS, 2007) There has been an increase in the interest in the sexual behaviour of young people in the second half of the 20th century, which has been fuelled partly by a concern for their sexual wellbeing. In the 1960s and 1970s, nervousness surrounding the rates of contraception among young unmarried people provided the impetus to much research, but a decade later, the focus shifted to the risk of HIV transmission among young people. By the end of the 20th century, the UK had the highest rate of teenage births in Western Europe and an increasing rate of most sexually transmitted infections among young peo ple. Attention has now focused on risk behaviour in the context of both sexually transmitted infections and unplanned pregnancies in young people. (Wellings et al., 2001) and it is estimated that the prevention of unintended pregnancies saves the NHS over  £2.5bn a year (Kinghorn, 2001; The Department of Health, 2006). The average cost of contraception failure is estimated at  £1500 per person, which is inclusive of the costs of abortion, miscarriage, ectopic and live births. (Department of Health, 2006) Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are associated with serious maternal and neonatal morbidity, infertility, anogenital cancer and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The average lifetime treatment cost for each HIV positive individual was estimated to be between  £195,000 and  £200,000 (Bernard, 2006; Bartlett, 2007). At  £580 million a year, HIV imposes a significant burden on healthcare resources. As well as the high cost of care and treatment, HIV is associated with extreme morbidity, significant mortality and a significantly reduced life. It has been determined that preventing the onward infection of just one case of HIV saves the NHS around  £0.5 million in health care costs and individual health gains. Figures at the end of 2006 indicated that the direct costs of treating other STIs cost the health service approximately  £165 million a year and if the cost of treating sequelae were to be included, this would increase exponentially. Chlamydia, for example, often produces no symptoms, but if left untreated it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and ectopic pregnancy, which impose high costs on individuals and on the National Health Service. (The Department of Health, 2006) When fertility treatment such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) becomes necessary due to fertility problems associated with STIs, there is no funding available for patients and those people affected much shell out thousands of po unds for such procedures. The NHS offers no help for any person requiring fertility treatment, despite evidence seeming to point to the failure of government bodies responsible for the promotion of sexual health to effectively diagnose and treat people with sexual health issues. (NHS, 2007) Gender is an important issue in STI prevention and care and there are many scientists who believe that gender is the largest role being played in the prevailing increase in sexually transmitted infection rates. (Marston and King, 2006; Coleman, 2007) Gender-based inequalities put girls and young women at an increased risk of becoming infected with a sexually transmitted infection and these inequalities also affect these women’s access to prevention and care services. In addressing these inequalities, we must try to best consider the different requirements and also constraints of young women and young men when we are designing interventions to tackle sexual ill health. (Marston and Ki ng, 2006) According to a study by Marston and King (2006), sexual partners influence the behaviour of young individuals in many ways and young people are known to assess potential sexual partners as â€Å"clean† or â€Å"unclean†. Furthermore, there appears to be certain stigmas associated with condoms, such as a lack of trust, and societal norms prevent the lucid communication about sex. (Marston and King, 2006) From a biological perspective, hormonal changes in young men and women which are likely at various times between the age of 16 and 25 years will have a profound affect on the decision-making ability of the individual; especially in younger years and this is likely to be a plausible explanation for certain acts considered by individuals as ‘mistakes’. (Verhoeven, 2003) STIs such as chlamydia, syphilis and gonorrhoea are passed from one individual to another through intimate sexual contact either during vaginal, anal or oral intercourse with a n infected partner. (NHS, 2007) The timing and conditions of sexual initiation are of substantial interest in the context of public health. Early age at first intercourse is associated with subsequent sexual health status. Following the steep decrease of age at first intercourse among women up to and incuding the 1970s, in many countries there is evidence of subsequent stabilisation. In several European countries, this stabilisation occurred in the 1980s. In Britain however, heterosexual intercourse continued to occur at earlier stages throughout the 1980s. Factors associated with early age at first intercourse are well documented and include early school leaving age, early menarche, family disruption and a disadvantaged and poor education. A study by Wellings et al., reported a decline in age at first intercourse in successive age-groups and significant increase in condom use among the youngest age cohort, born between 1971 and 1976. Several important trends have been identified in this data from the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal) in 2000. There seems to have been a stabilisation of the proportion of people having first heterosexual intercourse before the age of 16 years among women, as well as a continuation of the increase in condom use and in the decrease in the proportion not using contraceptive methods at first intercourse. There also has been identified an increase in the importance of school in the sexual education of the young, in particular men. Despite the strong trends identified in this data, the author is right to point out that the data is based on alleged behaviour and thus is susceptible to biases associated with recall and veracity. With time, it is pointed out, early experiences may be recast or forgotten although the ability to recall any event is dependent on the time passed since the event’s occurrence, and also on its salience. According to the results of experiments, less than 1% of respondents were unable to remember, with accuracy, their age at first intercourse. This result demonstrates that first intercourse is fairly non-memorable for individuals and there may be implications here into the general lack of responsibility taken with regards to contraception at this time. Further, if we look at the decade of the 1990s as a whole, a higher proportion of young women in Britain reported heterosexual intercourse before the age of 16 years when compared with the previous decade and the median age at first intercourse was also shown to be lower for men than women. Looking within the 1990s however, there are some tentative and possibly ambiguous signs in the data that the trend showing increasingly earlier heterosexual intercourse may have in fact stabilised for women. Furthermore, there is evidence of increasing adoption of risk reduction practices. For only a minority of young people is first intercourse unprotected against infection and conception. The data in the stud y shows a remarkable rise in condom use in Britain, despite the predictions that a weaker impact of AIDS-linked safer sex messages might have brought about complacency. 25% of young women in this study were already using oral contraception at first intercourse but with respect to the circumstances of first intercourse, the evidence is less positive. Despite the agreement in the behaviour of men and women at particular ages at which first intercourse occurs, there remain gender differences in the experience of the event such as those described above. The proportion of those young people who are sexually proficient according to the criteria which was used, has increased over time; particularly among men. Further evidence reveals that women are two times as likely as men to regret their first experience of intercourse and three times as likely to report being the less willing partner. These findings have also been supported by Wight et al., 2000 and Dickenson et al., 1998. 26% of wo men aged between 16 and 19 in this study were found to have had intercourse by 16 years, which is the legal age to have sex in the UK. (NHS, 2007) There is evidence to suggest that a focus on absolute age at first intercourse may not take into account variations in individual development and social norms. Although sexual competence decreases substantially with age at intercourse, more than 30% of young women for whom first intercourse occurred at age 15 years were sexually competent, and more than a 30% of those aged between18 and 24 years at the time were not. The report shows early age first intercourse to be significantly associated with early pregnancy but not experience of sexually transmitted infection. Although early menarche is independently associated with early age first intercourse and with early motherhood, importantly, in terms of the potential for enhancing sexual health, the risk behaviours and outcomes described are also associated with cultural and social factors . Of these, the association is stronger for education than for family background. Young people who leave school later, with qualifications, are less likely to have early intercourse, more likely to use contraception at first sex, be sexually competent and, for women, less likely to become pregnant if they have sex. Family disruption and lower parental socioeconomic status are also associated with early sexual experience and pregnancy when younger than 18 years, but the effect is weaker. (Wellings et al., 2001) The absence of a significant association between educational level and abortion, compared with the strong association with motherhood at younger than 18 years, supports the premise that educational prospects influence the outcome of pregnancy. We do not know to what extent poor educational aspirations themselves lead to early sexual experience and motherhood and the extent to which having a child early in life thwarts academic expectations. Nevertheless, this data identi fies a vulnerable group of women in public health terms; 29% of sexually active young women in this study who left school at 16 years with no qualifications had a child at age 17 or younger. From the viewpoint of prevention, there is much that is positive in this data: the sustained increase in risk reduction at early sexual experience; the increasing prominence of the school in the sexual education of the young and the fact that the variables which emerge as most strongly associated with reducing risk are those which are amenable to intervention. Of interest too, with respect to the possible stabilisation of the trend towards intercourse is the evidence from the USA of a reduction in the teenage pregnancy rate following their earlier experience of a similar trend. The strong association between educational attainment and early motherhood also supports the British government’s strategy to marshal the efforts of ministries concerned not only with health but also with educat ion and social services, in a bid to reduce the incidence and adverse outcomes of early teenage pregnancy. Marston and King, in their 2006 study found that there are penalties and rewards encountered for sex which may well affect the rate of STI transmission in the UK. According to these two authors, social rewards and penalties influence sexual behaviour. Adhering to gender expectations and formalities has been seen to raise social status. For women, complying with stereotypes can secure an exclusive relationship with a man, and for men, complying can lead to many partners. (Nyanzi et al., 2001) While pregnancy outside marriage can be stigmatising, for some women pregnancy can be a way out of the parental home. Young people may behave in particular ways through fear of being caught in the act. Sex can also be a way to obtain money and gifts from boyfriends:, which is particularly well described for sub-Saharan Africans, although this behaviour is not exclusive to this part of the world. (Nyanzu et al., 2001) It is believed that the relationship between individual enthusiasm and societal expectations is a complex one as some behaviour considered taboo can become desirable for that very reason. (Marston and King, 2006) Reputations are crucial for social control of sexual behaviour according to scientists. Marston and King, 2006; Stephenson et al., 1993) Reputations are linked to displays of chastity for women, or heterosexual activity for men. Social isolation can result from activity leading to being branded â€Å"queer† or a â€Å"slut†, and in some cases, such brands can result in worse cases such as gang rape and murder. (Wood et al., 1998) A woman’s reputation can be damaged by having â€Å"many†, or more than one partners according to Marston and King (2006) and even the mentioning of sex can risk implying sexual experience and lead to a damaged reputation. Although it has been found that communication across genera tions about sex is rare, family members may for instance prevent young people socialising with members of the opposite sex to protect the reputation o the family. (Hennick et al., 1992) Young men’s reputations can suffer if they are not seen to push for sexual access and numerous female partners according to some scientists, (Varga, 1997; Harrision et al., 2001) thus, the display of heterosexual activity can be important. It is common that some groups of men visit brothels together in Southeast Asia and young men proudly report sexual experiences to their peers. (Varga, 1997) Furthermore, there is often a stigma attached to not having penetrative sex, and indeed not being able to do so. Young men not having sex with their girlfriends may be accused of being â€Å"gay†. According to a study in Britain by Hughes et al., (2007) new STI diagnoses increased between 2005 and 2006 by an overall 2% whilst diagnoses of other STIs increased by 3% over the year. Looking furthe r back, there has been an increase in new STI diagnoses of 63% between 1997 and 2006 and an 84% increase of existing STIs over the same time period. According to these figures, strategies in place between these times were not working effectively to reduce the incidence of STIs in young people. Between 2005 and 2006, services available to the public in the form of clinics and sexual health screening and HIV tests were increased by 6% thus making them more readily available. The number of HIV tests taken was said to have risen by 12% over that year and the number of sexual health screens rose by 9%. (Hughes et al., 2007) Thus, despite the increase in the services available to the public in the early 2000s, STI incidence continued to rise. There is therefore clearly a huge requirement for the betterment of these services to allow a significant reduction in new and existing STI diagnosis. Presently, services available to young people with sexual health concerns include genitourina ry medicine (GUM) clinics, which are usually situated in separate Primary Care Trust departments at hospitals around the country. The NHS also provides a number of drop-in centres in Britain where appointments are not necessary. They also work on an anonymous basis, which avoids causing embarrassment to the patient. On-site testing facilities enable a fast diagnosis and many GUM clinics offer a ‘while you wait’ diagnosis so that treatment can commence as soon as possible. (NHS, 2007b) Strategies put in place by the British government, for the people of England, Wales and Scotland have focused on access to GUM clinics by providing a 48-hour appointment access service to enable people to be seen by a clinician within 2 days of speaking to someone in the Primary Care Trust service. (Department of Health, 2007; Scottish Executive, 2007; Welsh Assembly, 1998a) There has been some success with this activity to date and the Department of Health aims to sustain this level of improvement and build on it after 2008. (Department of Health, 2007) Whilst there has been success with this activity, the high numbers of STIs in young people must be accounted for in some way. It is evident that despite the availability of appointments at GUM clinics, it may be difficult for school goers to get an appointment that they can attend due to schooling activities in the day, or indeed in evenings. It is also true that any appointments provided out of school hours are likely to get booked very quickly due to demand. It remains to be seen how such effects are to be negated. Although there is an NHS Out of Hours service available for all health problems including those of a sexual nature, there is little documentation regarding this facility and little in the way of advertisements to promote it. Perhaps if more young people knew that there was a nearby service offering advice and treatment for sexual health concerns out of normal hours, more people could be diagnosed and treated (NHS, 2007) In a further study by Marston and King (2006), several themes were identified as being related to sexual behaviour in young people. Research showed that it is not only sexual behaviour which is strongly shaped by social forces, but also those forces are surprisingly similar in different settings with variations of the extent to which each theme is present rather than of kinds of themes. For example, women’s sexual freedom is universally restricted compared with men’s. The exact nature of what is deemed inappropriate and the penalties for transgression- from verbal censure to ‘honour killings’, a practice in which a family member kills a female relative as punishment for sexual behaviour considered to have brought dishonour to the family-will vary both with and between societies. There is evidence to show that young people subjectively assess the risks from sexual partners on the basis of whether they are â€Å"clean† or â⠂¬Å"unclean†. Furthermore, studies repeatedly show that young people assess the disease risk of a potential partner by how well they know their partner socially, their partner’s appearance, or other unreliable indicators. (Kinghorn, 2001) A variety of social pressures might mean that women do not want to talk about sex or acknowledge any sexual desires, particularly in the early stages of the relationship. (Varga 1997) It has been shown that young people often avoid communicating openly to partners about sex, and thus encounter many ambiguities. (Maston and King, 2006; Harrison et al., 2001; Hennick et al., 1992) For example, women avoid saying â€Å"yes† to sexual in case they are viewed as seeming inappropriately willing. This makes â€Å"no† difficult to interpret. As a result, genuine refusal under these circumstances can be difficult to determine. Further, young people may avoid discussing sex in case that leads to loss-of-face or hurting of oth ers’ feelings, or indeed damage to their reputation. Because of this, safe sex is difficult to plan, as the possibility of intercourse is not acknowledged and if this is the case, contraception is unlikely to be a topic of conversation. (Cragg et al., 1993) Young people could also be reluctant to discuss condom use in case it is seen as equivalent to proposing or agreeing to sex. According to an experiment performed by Mitchell and Wellings (2002), one man in the UK recounted that producing a condom creates the problem that you are assuming that you are going to have sex with someone but you don’t know whether the partner even want to have sex with you. Avoiding talking about condoms keeps the option of refusing intercourse open. (Mitchell and Wellings, 2002) Stereotypes associated with gender are vital to determining social expectations and behaviour. All the societies which have been studied reveal strikingly similar expectations of men’s and women’s behaviour. Men are expected to be highly heterosexually active and women not so, in fact, chaste; still having virginity at marriage. (Holland et al., 2000) Sex often has high social value. (Holland et al., 1998) Vaginal penetration is perceived to be important in determining masculinity and signifies the transition from boyhood to manhood. Men are expected to look for physical pleasure but women desiring sex can be detrimentally branded. (Schitter and Madrigal, 2000; Wood et al., 1998) Where it is expected that romantic love will precede marriage, sex for young women must be linked to romance and they are expected to be ‘â€Å"swept off their feet† into sexual intercourse’ (Schitter and Madrigal, 2000). On the other hand, men may scheme and plot in order to obtain the pleasure of sex. In spite of the stigmatising effect for women in carrying or using contraception, women, not men, are generally considered responsible for preventing pregnancy. (McKernon, 1996 ) A further theme which has been identified as playing a part of the sexual decision-making in young people is the strong influence sexual partners have on all types of behaviour in general. The nature of the partner and the partnership influences not just whether a young person uses a condom, but all sexual behaviour in general. (Foreman, 2003; Kinghorn, 2001) Individuals might see sex as something that could strengthen a relationship, or as a way to please a partner. Pregnancy can even be seen as a way to keep hold of a boyfriend. (Rasche et al., 2000) Some young people live in fear of physical violence if they do not consent to sex. (Varga, 1997) Violence in relationships against women is sometimes viewed as normal or as being the fault of the victim. (Hird, 2000) According to Marston and King (2006) girls in South Africa were told by friends to keep silent about coercion and violence by boyfriends. If being a woman is viewed to require a stable partnership with a man, failed partnerships can damage a woman’s social position. (Marston and King, 2006) Condom use It has been identified that people will readily use condoms to protect against disease with ‘risky’ partners. For instance, in Shanghai, men seemed to feel they could distinguish between women who were likely to be ‘clean’ and thus, disease-free and ‘unclean’ based on their behaviour and social position. Thus, young people who use condoms in short-term relationships might not use them in longer-term relationships. (Kinghorn, 2001) Marston and King (2006) relay that such young people may use condoms with long-term partners to avoid pregnancy, which could be more of a concern to them in this position than disease. It has been shown that condoms may be very stigmatizing and signify a lack of trust. Carrying or buying condoms can affect a sexual experience for both men and women; it has been shown that doing so maybe undesirable for women, but sometimes desirable for men. (Holland, 1998) In a similar way, asking for condoms can imply inappropri ate experience for women. (Marston and king, 2006) Young people also worry that asking their partner to use a condom implies that they think their partner has a disease, and therefore, intercourse without a condom can be seen as a sign of distrust. In parts of Africa for example, notably in South Africa, wanting to use a condom can be interpreted as a sign of carrying disease. (Swart-Kruger et al., 1997) It is a worry to some men that they will be unable to achieve penetration and may even avoid using condoms use in case it causes loss of erection. (Varga, 1997) Effects of condoms such as these will play a large role in determining whether someone will be a condom user or not and thus have a significant affect on the prevalence of STIs and unwanted pregnancies in the UK. Condoms are considered to be the only method of contraception to offer protection against both pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Because of this, condoms are a major priority in many sexual health improvement strategies. 50% of girls under the age of 16 years who were reported to be attending family planning clinics in 2000-2001 chose male condoms as their desired method of contraception. In addition, the proportion of people of all age groups using condoms reportedly rose from 6% in 1975 to 35% in 2001. (Stammers, 2002) In a survey performed in 2001, it was found that only 40% of unmarried 18-59 year olds used condoms at last intercourse. Thus, the act of buying and carrying condoms is not directly proportional to their use. Reports suggested that even when sexual contact was of a casual nature, still only 62% of people used condoms. (Stammers, 2001) In a related study, it was found that of 8,500 American undergraduates, only 43% of students always used condoms, and 24% of people didn’t ever use them. Men with many partners reported the lowest condom use and those men who only had sex with other men were less likely to use condoms than those who had sex with women . (Smith, 1992) With the rate of sexually transmitted infections in the UK soaring, the effectiveness of the condom is increasingly becoming questioned and the use of condoms has been compared to playing Russian roulette. (Smith, 1992; Stammers, 2001) Scientists in the field of sexual health are now asking the question of why the promotion of condoms is not making a large enough impact on sexual health statistics in most developing countries and whether or not we have the correct balance between the message that condoms prevent pregnancies and STIs and the message that partner reduction and selection is extremely important to sexual health. Furthermore, this begs the question of whether health care professionals have been co-conspirators in promulgating the idea that condoms make for safe sex. (Stammers, 2001) In 1999, the rate of condom contraception method failure was 3%, with the failure rate for condoms being 14%. (Fu et al., 1999) Therefore, at least one in seven condom u sers became pregnant in this year. The failure rate of condoms varies greatly and according to Stammers (2001), depends more on the experience of legitimate condom use rather than the users age. In a collective study using 4,600 condom attempts in monogamous couples, it was shown that the rate of condom breakage was only 0.4% and the corresponding condom failure rate was as low as 1%. (Haignere, 1999) Of these students, over 33% of heterosexuals reported that they delayed putting on condoms until after initial penetration, which helps to explain matters. (Haignere, 1999) According to reports, approximately 80% of requests for the emergency pill arise from condom failure. This suggests that sole reliance on the use of condoms will not do much to reduce unwanted pregnancy rates, especially if young people are filled with a false sense of their effectiveness as this will result in more acts of intercourse taking place. (Wellings et al., 2001) This risk displacement is well recognize d in the sexual health sector. Reliance on the use of condoms leads to an increased frequency of sexual intercourse, whether with the same partner or different partners. Given the failure rate of 14%, combined with the failure to address changes in consequent sexual behaviour, the promotion of condom use may likely result in increased prevalence of STIs and unplanned pregnancies. (Stammers, 2001) Protection provided for individual sex acts is not the only factor when dealing with the sexual health of a human population. If confidence in the safety of condoms indeed leads to increased rate of intercourse, the rate of acts of unprotected sex will increase. (Stammers, 2001) Despite the reality of condoms being less safe than previously thought, they do provide protection against HIV and it is because of this there have been and continue to be many promotion strategies for condom use, especially those targeted at young people. However, the prevalence in of HIV in the UK in comp arison to other STIs is low and it may perhaps be noted that at the time of the outbreak of HIV in the UK, there was much publicity regarding condoms in the prevention of the disease and this shift in focus may have caused people to forget about their use in preventing transmission of other STIs, which are more common in this country. The strong promotion of condom use and HIV prevention may thus have led to a general feeling that condoms are related to HIV only and this may have caused their use for protection against other STIs to be overlooked by many. Condoms also provide protection against gonorrhea and other STIs, but the success of protection against these other STIs, is less clear in the literature. (Wellings et al., 2001) Condoms are known to reduce sensitivity during sexual behaviour and hinder spontaneous sex. Overall, when we consider all of this information concerning condoms, we are shown reasons for the consistent condom use rates being very low. We then ask what an appropriate alternative is to the use of condoms for safe sex. In response, we suggest ‘saved sex’, which is being debated upon by many sexual health workers (Stammers, 2001) and includes the concept that sex should be ‘saved’ for the time when a relationship between two partners is at a high level of intimacy and commitment. Is is suggested that at this time, the partners are able to make an informed decision that once having made love for the first time, they will continue to do so exclusively with each other for the rest of their lives. (Fu et al., 1999) With the failure of safe sex message becoming increasingly distressing, it is time for UK sex education policy-makers to take alternatives like this one seriously. In an experiment performed by Graham et al., (2006) 278 men attending an STI clinic who had used a condom during penile-vaginal sex at least three tines in the past three months were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire. The men were asked to report on how they used condoms, how consistently they used them, how many different sexual partners they had had in the past three years and whether they had experienced erection loss associated with condom use. The results showed that there is an association between frequent unprotected vaginal sex and condom-associated erection loss. Men who experienced erection loss were also shown to be more likely to remove condoms before sex was over. Thus, condom-associated erection loss may be common among those at risk of STIs and the problem could result in incomplete or inconsistent condom use. Lack of confidence to use condoms correctly, problems with the fill and feel of condoms and having sex with multiple partners are identified as possible causes of condom-associated erection loss. (Graham et al., 2006) T his evidence is also consistent with results of an experiment by Reece et al., 2007. There is growing evidence that the promotion of pleasure in male and female condom use, in conjunction with safer sex messaging, can increase the consistent use of condoms and thus the practise of safer sex. (Philpott et al., 2006) Condom use interventions and promotion According to Philpott et al, (2006) condoms are generally perceived to reduce sexual pleasure, so it is important for public health campaigns to tackle how to increase sexual pleasure when promoting condoms. There are many reasons why people decide to practise sex without a condom. For example, there are those, who perhaps indulge in sexual activity a lot, and who are concerned about the cost of regular condom use (especially sexual ‘workers’). Further, there is a feeling of not being at risk by many people, which is often spurred by ignorance or myths concerning HIV and AIDS. There also exists the belief that condoms are not effective in preventing HIV or that requesting condom use means that you do not trust your partner. Many see condoms only as an awkward and unpleasant necessity. (Philpott et al.,2006) Similar concerns help to explain why the use of female condoms remains very low worldwide, especially in resource-poor places. Biases by policymakers, high cost, lack of understanding of how to use them, limited supplies and access and general discomfort for both the man and the woman with touching the womans body to insert the aid are all important factors. The most common reasons according to a study of the literature for not using condoms is that they are perceived as awkward, uncomfortable and not sexy. (Philpott, et al., 2006; Wellings et al., 2001) It is suggested therefore that eroticising male and female condoms may be key to increasing condom use. If we make condoms more comfortable and pleasurable, this transforms them from being strictly disease-prevention and public health tools into erotic accessories, which is much more appealing. Since the advent of the HIV pandemic, in the world, the male condom has been hugely promoted as the primary means of HIV and STI prevention. However, many people still choose to have unprotected sex rather than use condoms, which shows that a change in perception is desperately required. It is cle ar that demand factors such as risk perception, partner reluctance, increased dryness, reduced sexual sensation, discomfort in the fit and feel of a condom and decreased spontaneity are as critical in determining condom use as factors concerning supply and demand. (Wellings et al., 2001) According to Philpott et al., (2006), condoms can be very sexy and pleasurable and enjoyable sex can be safer. (Philpott et al., 2006) Changing the persona of condoms has recently been the focus in the USA where in New York, there is now a ‘cool’ brand of packaged condom called The New York City Condom– the official condom of New York with a retro style case. (New York City Health, 2008) this will help to raise the profile of condoms with young people and the success of this revolutionary brand has already been documented. It is clear that the UK should now follow suit and come up with something similar to grab the attention of our young people of today to try to accessoriz e the condom and make it more fashionable. This seems the obvious next step to take with condom promotion given that the many years of their promotion since the 1990s has done little to relieve the high rate of STI transmission in the UK. The only remarkable rise in condom use in Britain which is worth mentioning is the impact of the AIDS-linked safer sex messages. There are British websites available, which customize condoms at a fee to a buyer, as well as providing a range of colours, styles and flavours not already on the mainstream market (British condoms, 2008) but it is necessary to make them free and available to all if we want them to be obtained by all. It is also necessary to create a brand name if we want the condom to be successful. According to a study by Williams et al., (2001) collected data demonstrates that frequency of sex is a key determinantfor condom use in specific sexual partnerships. The study relied on self-report of sexual relationships andbehaviour a nd this limitation was addressed by restricting questionsabout sexual behaviours to the last three partners and to sexin the last 30 days. By using this strategy, Williams and colleagues report that details by drug usersof their sexual behaviours are reliable and valid. However, self reports of sexual behaviours are subject to recallbias and are difficult to verify, which remain the limiting factors of this study and the cross-sectional designof the study limits the ability to draw causal determinates. Results show that althoughthere was a clear association between frequency of sex betweenpartners and the use of condoms, causality cannot be effectively established. A furtherlimitation of a study of this nature is the number of cases which fall within partner-type categories, inparticular, in the low frequency categories. The findings of this experiment arealso quite limited because data was not extracted for condom use duringeach sexual encounter which was mentioned in the previo us 30 days.(Williams et al., 2001) Research previously done in this area of sexual health has established that there are distinct differencesin condom use by partner type. Williams et al., (2001) hypothesised thatfrequency of sex with one partner would affect condom use and the author and his colleagues produced data supporting this. While variations in the level of condom use by partner type were identified, the data also produceda pattern of use, which was directly related to the frequency of sex between partners.Given the association between the use of condoms and thefrequency of use, it is predicted that if more data points had been available, condom use would have continued to drop as the frequency ofsex between partners increases. The association between frequencyof sex and condom use is independent of partner type, which suggestsa complex structure in the determination of condom use, and one that is also not just accounted for by partner type. (Willams et al., 2001) In the Independent Advisory Group on Sexual Health and HIV 2006/7 annual report, it is detailed that Primary Care Trusts are rapidly separating their commissioning and provider functions and, in someinstances, actively trying to find new providers for their community services. This action has reportedly added uncertainty for certain services – for example, community contraceptive services. The Independent Advisory Group is deeply worried that there is a danger that the prevailing economic arguments behind strong sexual health and services promoting contraception will disappear unless the services are given more senior representation with PCTs. The financial case for sexual health services has been made repeatedly and reportedly, this resulted in the Government putting 48-hour GUM access in the top six of its sexual health priorities. Further, the Government also made an allocation of  £300 million of funding to support Choosing Health White Paper, which is an act that wa s unfortunately annulled by the financial imperative for PCTs to â€Å"balance books†. This meant that most of the funding did not reach the intended services. Since 2006, the Department of Health commissioned the Health Economics of Sexual Health, which is a guide to commissioning and planning outlining the level of cost effectiveness on a service-by-service level.Whilst we are mentioning a failure of the government to improve services for sexual health in the UK, we will also mention the ill documentation detailing the apparent fall in STI rates by the Welsh Assembly Government in 2005, which according to data elsewhere, is not true and the publication of this claim is totally misleading to the public. (Welsh Assembly, 2005) According to the IAG, access to GUM clinics must remain a top priority and the 48-hour access target has been an important issue to have focused attention on the care of Sexually Transmitted Infections. The improvements made over the last few year s to sexual health statistics and treatment should continue to be sustained and built on. (IAG, 2007) However, it is recognized that this will prove to be a difficult task as there is still a great deal to do to make sure there is appropriate GUM access. Recently, the Health Protection Agency (HPA) issued a warning to sexual health advisors and clinicians that an increased pressure on GUM services may jeopardize reaching the 48-hour access target, which has been identified as a top priority. The HPA also published that there was a 6 % increase in workload of GUM clinics between 2005 and 2006. (IAG, 2007) According to the IAG (2006; 2007) the successful promotion of sexual health requires a rigorous programme of actions, which encompass the health and education sectors, as well as the broader political, economic and legal fields. In each domain, the IAG report that strong action is needed to negate the barriers to sexual health and to promote those which support it. All activit ies falling under the five domains (Health, education, political, economic and legal) (WHO, 2007) should be based on the recognition of the heterogeneity of gender-related power issues in controlling sexual health and also explicitly showing respect for this diversity. Furthermore, the promotion of respect for the rights of all individuals in society should be maintained, as well as the involvement of all people, including vulnerable groups in activities to promote sexual health. An acute awareness of the need to address vulnerability to sexual health problems also needs to be maintained. It also seems apparent that social norms should be worked on to create an appropriate environment that works for sexual health. (WHO, 2004) In the health domain, the WHO has recognised different strategies which can be used to promote sexual health, which include providing high quality integrated sexual health services to target men and vulnerable groups with services and manage the rate o f sexual violence. (WHO, 2004) In the education domain, comprehensive sexuality education for young people needs to be promoted, as well as standardization of sexuality definitions and sexual health training for health workers, teachers, social workers and youth workers. Also, it has been suggested that some success could come from community-based implementations which aim to meet the needs of out-of-school young people and others who may be particularly vulnerable. In the main, political actions are required to activate resources for sexual health and to develop a universal agreement on the best practices and also to involve religious and community leaders in the encouragement of supporting sexual health strategies. It is apparent that certain new legislation may be required to offer support to those whose rights may be challenged and promote access to health and education services. (WHO, 2004) A succinct account detailing the position of sexual health in the UK has been give n here and we are provided with much in the way of evidence that there is widespread concern regarding the status of STI and unwanted pregnancy rates in the country at this time. Despite the increase in the rate of diseases such as Chlamydia in the UK, we are comforted by the recent recognition by the Department of Health and the World Health Organisation that sexual health is a concern which is distinct from matters concerned only with family planning and should be dealt with as a separate health issue for a more successful response to strategies aiming to reduce prevalence rates of problems. With the realization that young people between the age of 16 and 25 are the group most at risk from sexual health problems, it is surprising that intervention has not incorporated more aggressive ways of getting the attention of this group. Furthermore, we are of the opinion that prevention is better than cure and it makes sense to begin aiming advertisements and literature at a younger aud ience to raise awareness even perhaps before it is physically necessary. Such methods could be adopted through the release of colourful material in teen magazines and comics for example, which is not seen presently and the invention of a synonymous New York City Condom. What also seems necessary, since we have recently delved into such an advanced technological world, is the need for the release of multimedia adverts showing the possible causes of unprotected sex and the reinforcement of loving, caring relationships between partners in television, radio, perhaps on pop-ups on the internet and on computer games. Such advertisements could be tailored separately for boys and girls for maximum impact. To gain the most recognition of adverts, it would make sense to show, perhaps, rather graphic advertisements during the advert breaks for television shows which are popular with young people and also those which are directed at young people but have a sexual nature (such as ‘Skins ’ for example). For this to happen, it may well require that certain legislation be changed. Likewise, audio advertisements could be played particularly frequently during shows on Radio 1, which are known to be popular. Whilst it is evident that there is much work being focused on bringing down the rate of sexual ill health in young people, we suggest that the implementers do more to get into the minds of young people to find out what their views on sex and love are in the hope of better identifying areas to target. This will mean more questionnaires in schools and universities, social clubs, youth clubs and sports clubs. More research into the psychology of children these days will also benefit strategies for sexual health and hopefully provide valuable insight into why previous intervention has remained unsuccessful in significantly reducing the effects of unprotected sex. With the historical successive failures of various intervention strategies to reduce sexual ill health in young people, we suggest that a more unconventional approach be taken and applied in alternative attempts to get the attention of young sexually active men and women.